Cold War - The U2 Incident Essay - 901 Words

Cold War - The U2 Incident After WWII, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union began to increase. This period of time is referred to as the Cold War which â€Å"begins in 1945 with the Yalta conference and ends in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.† The United States and the Soviet Union both greatly distrusted the other and feared the nuclear power that they both had during this time. One incident that illustrates this distrust is commonly referred to as the U-2 incident of May 1, 19960, in which an American U-2 spy plane was shot down in Soviet controlled airspace and captured by the Soviets. This single incident is said to have been a â€Å"disastrous setback to the reduction of international tension.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Approaching Sverdlovsk, site of an air base, Powers activated his cameras. As he flew over the airfield, the plane suddenly bucked violently then went into a spin. Thrown sideways, Powers could not reach his eject or destruct butt ons so he bailed out. He was soon captured but did not swallow the poison capsule with which he had been provided for use in the event of his being tortured – which he was not. Powers was imprisoned by the Soviets for a year and a half until he was exchanged for an important Soviet spy, Rudolph Abel, and returned to his country. The United States response began as a total cover-up and progressed through many versions of the facts. After the plane was shot down, the United States’ first announcement was that an â€Å"unarmed weather research plane based at Adana, Turkey, and piloted by a civilian American† was missing. First the government stated that the pilot was a civilian employee of the Lockheed corporation flying a U-2 plane chartered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. On May 7 the State Department announced that the plane was an unarmed civilian U-2 collecting intelligence and blamed the Soviet Union’s â€Å"excessive secrecy† for our need to spy on them. In a news conference statement by President Eisenhower on May 11, he lists four points: (1) intelligence-gathering activities are needed; (2) intelligenceShow MoreRelatedSurveillance Technology And The Cold War1061 Words   |  5 Pages Zach Bemben Literature of War Mrs. Rozema 11/6/17 Surveillance Technology and the Cold War Introduction and Thesis Hook: â€Å"In 1945, one major war ended and another began.†(Ushistory.org) Thesis: In the Cold War through the creation and improvement of surveillance technology such as satellite surveillance, nuclear submarines, and surveillance aircraft to give superior intelligence while being totally undetected or invulnerable from the enemy. Background paragraph â€Å"There were no direct military campaignsRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War1378 Words   |  6 Pagesoccurred in 1963 in a setting that was the high point of tension in the Cold War. The most significant background cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the underlying cold war ideology of capitalism vs communism. This was dramatically increased by the second key cause, a series of events that quickly built tensions between the super powers from 1959 such as the U2 incident, JFK’s response to the Berlin Wall, and the Bay of Pigs incident. The third cause was the relationship between the leaders KhrushchevRead MoreOn The Dawn Of October 16Th, 1962, Began A 13-Day Standoff1196 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) resulted in the closest the world has ever been to all-out nuclear war. This essay will talk about the initial weaponization of nuclear power, the events that led up to the missile cris is, the thirteen days the missile crisis took place and the measures taken to stop nuclear war. On August 6th, 1945, the world got their first look at the sheer power and destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Los Alamos, New MexicoRead MoreOn The Dawn Of October 16Th 1962 Began A 13 Day Standoff1196 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) resulted in the closest the world has ever been to all-out nuclear war. This essay will talk about the initial weaponization of nuclear power, the events that led up to the missile crisis, the thirteen days the missile crisis took place and the measures taken to stop nuclear war. On August 6th 1945 the world got their first look at the sheer power and destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Los Alamos, New Mexico wasRead MoreThe Cold War was the perpetual rivalry that took place between the Soviet Union and The United600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cold War was the perpetual rivalry that took place between the Soviet Union and The United States. The war was called the Cold War because no direct fighting took place between America and Russia. Instead, it was a war of words and threats. It was an ideological war based on ideas of communism and capitalism. The war never fully escalated because both powers knew that use of nuclear weapons would be disastrous, although, there was a nuclear arms escalation between both sides. The Truman DoctrineRead MoreHow Far Did Peaceful Coexistence Ease Cold War Tensions Between the Soviet Union and the Usa in the Years 19531008 Words   |  5 PagesHow far did peaceful coexistence ease cold war tensions between the Soviet Union and the USA in the years 1953-61? In the years 1953-61 some might say that the cold war tensions were eased by peaceful coexistence, with super power negotiations and key agreements paving the way for better relations. Despite this, the stronger argument suggests that ultimately, cold war tensions were not eased, the cold war continued for another 30 years. This was due to failure to negotiate anything of substanceRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : A Code Of Honor1373 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the documents above is from the Manhattan project, documenting the development of the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb was created to try and stop the World War Two. The people of the United States greatly did not want to use the bomb to end the war. The American citizens, and their government, did not know the rule of Bushido. Bushido is a code of honor in the culture of the Japanese. It bans all possible situations to dishonor one s self or the family of the same person. The person who wroteRead MoreWhy USA Became Involved in Vietnam Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesWhy USA Became Involved in Vietnam Before the Second World War, the region between India and China which now includes Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos was part of the French Empire. During the Second World War, however, Japan controlled Vietnam. After the war, the French tried to take over again but a communist group, the Vietminh wanted independence. During this war of independence the USA became involved as well. This essay will look at the reasons of why they did. Read MoreEisenhower/Truman Doctrine Study Guide Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesEisenhower/ Truman Study Guide The questions cover Chapters 5, 6, and 7 from the Cold War book- Pearson, and Ch. 12, 16, and 17 and pages 150-161 from the Todd book. All of these sections were assigned and questions were asked in class covering most of the readings. 1. What was the difference between Cominform and COMECOM? Cominform: Communist Information Bureau (September 1947) created as an instrument to increase Stalin’s control over the Communist parties of other countries. COMECOM:Read MoreKhrushchev Genuinely committed to peaceful coexistence1073 Words   |  5 Pagesaggression  after  the  U2  spy  plane  incident  of  1960  and  the  gamble  with   peace   over   the   Berlin    wall   in   1961   and   Cuba   in   1962   suggest   his   commitment  to  peaceful  coexistence   was   not    genuine,   but   a   delay   tactic   until   opportunities  to  show   the   USSR   system   was   superior   to   capitalism   arose.   Khrushchev  was  committed  to   something   more   along  the   lines  of  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpeaceful  competition’  whereby  the  soviet   union  could  gain   an  economic   and   without   the   need   for   a  hot  war,   rather  than  peaceful  co ­existence  where

Pretrial Diversion Programs - 919 Words

Pretrial Diversion Programs In the United States, over 90,000 juveniles are incarcerated in juvenile justice facilities. To house 90,000 juveniles, majority non-violent offenders, it costs the states roughly 5.7 billion dollars annually. â€Å"With states facing serious budgetary constraints, it is an opportune time or policymakers to consider ways to reduce juvenile justice spending that won’t compromise public safety.† In the effort to reduce juvenile justice costs, community-based programs known as pretrial diversion programs were implemented. Pretrial diversion programs did not only reduce funding costs, but benefited the juvenile as well. Pretrial diversion programs main objective is to rehabilitate juvenile offenders, which ultimately led to lower recidivism rates and safer communities. As a result of the benefits to all parties involved, today’s juvenile judicial system offers more juveniles the opportunity to attend these diversion programs; rather than proceed through traditional c riminal justice processes. (Justice Policy Institution) I was able to attend an arraignment hearing for the juvenile court system in Broward County, Florida. The courtroom was filled to capacity; over a hundred juveniles were on the docket for this particular day. A few juveniles dressed in orange jumpsuits and shackles were seated were a â€Å"jury box† is typically located. While the remaining juveniles sat behind the prosecuting table. As the docket numbers were called, the juvenilesShow MoreRelatedPretrial Release and Diversion Programs918 Words   |  4 PagesRelease and Diversion Pretrial release and diversion programs are meant to handle defendants prior to them standing trial. Pretrial release and diversion programs developed to deal with jail overcrowding because jails simply could not handle the number of defendants that were incarcerated prior to trial. There are four types of diversion programs: diversion from arrest, diversion from prosecution, diversion from jail, and diversion from imprisonment. The goal of pretrial release and diversion is toRead MoreThe Benefits Of Pretrial Diversion By Jerome D. Taylor IIi1031 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Pretrial Diversion Jerome D. Taylor III Western Kentucky University Abstract There are many benefits for jail diversionary programs in the state of Kentucky. Nonviolent offenders, family members, judicial systems, and the jails can benefit from keeping these people out of jail and in society. I was surprised to find, during my research very few negatives to these programs around the country. Key Words Incarceration: Confinement in a jail or prison. (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionaryRead MoreEntry Into The Court System, By Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, And David Mueller1726 Words   |  7 Pagesto reflect on was chapter three,† Entry into the Court System† from the book â€Å"Criminal Justice Case Briefs, Significant Cases in Juvenile Justice† by Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, and David Mueller. I chose to write about the process of the pretrial or â€Å"intake† phase because it has not been determined by the Supreme Court as critical in juvenile proceedings. Consequently juveniles do not have the right to be represented by counsel during this meeting and if they chose to participate, any statementsRead MoreCorrections Current Trends846 Words   |  4 Pagestheir crime. Pretrial diversion is a good system for offenders who are not constant offenders, for instance here in Odessa TX they have what I would call a pretrial diversion program which is called teen court and in teen court offenders for let’s say theft well instead of it going down in the records they chose to do some community service and avoid trial and a criminal record but this type of program is only offered to teens. For those who have the option of pretrial diversion it is a prettyRead MoreToday s Criminal Justice Over The Past Few Decades1307 Words   |  6 Pagessentencing options and those that are more enforced by probation officials. The sanctions include Pretrial Diversion, Fines, Community Service, Restitution, Treatment Centers, Intensive supervision, House Arrest/E-monitoring, and Shock incarceration. Pretrial diversion usually targets petty offenders that are in possession of drugs and first-time offenders. Criminals who is selected for pretrial diversion enters into an agreement with the District (local), State or U.S. (federal) attorney s officeRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The Criminal Justice System Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthis forces judges to hurry prosecutors along with trials. In some cases a judge may have no option but to impose the appropriate penalty in which the law requires. During the panel interview Warden Stevenson proposes the idea of rehabilitation programs. Governor Warner backs up the warden’s statements by adding that changes and a development plan should be implemented quickly. When felons are given minimum sentences more room becomes available in the system for felons who have committed moreRead MoreRape And Burglary As A Post Incarceration Supervision1730 Words   |  7 Pagesreductions retroactive. In addition, it would also make the Fair Sentencing Act pf 2010 retroactive, expand the safety valve exception for drug mandatory minimum sentences and allow many federal prisoners to earn time credits for completing rehabilitation programs while they are in prison. Unfortunately, this bill has not been introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives (FAMM, 2016). Section 101 reduces the three-strike penalty is reduced from life in prison to 25 years and the 20 year minimum to 15 yearsRead MoreAn Overview of Alternative Methods of Incarceration700 Words   |  3 Pages60; Probation .33)† (Piquero, 2010). There are a number of alternatives to prison and the following five will be addressed; (1) Faith-Based Rehabilitation Programs, (2) Residential Commu nity Corrections, (3) Diversionary Treatment Programs, (4) House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring, and (5) Ignition Interlocks. Faith-Based Rehabilitation Programs: A study by Grant Duwe, Ph.D. and Byron Johnson Ph.D. of Baylor Universities Institute for Studies of Religion (ISR) affirm that the cost-benefit analysisRead MoreThe Constitutional Rights Of The United States909 Words   |  4 Pagesinconveniences to friends and family; (2) they lack educational and vocation programs; and (3) female inmates are not separated and grouped by the seriousness of crime they have committed (e.g. violent offender is housed together with less violent offenders or the mentally ill) (p. 294). There are fewer correctional facilities for women in the United States as compared to those available for men, and assistant programs that are offered at the men’s prison are limited in women facilities. Clear etRead MoreThe Limits Of The Criminal Sanction Written By The Criminologist Scholar Herbert Packer Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasizes crime prevention and includes conservative values. An example of this is the b roken windows theory where is a good-fighting crime strategy and creates a better environment for the community and promoted the community to stay in active programs that focused on prevention and criminal activity. In the high-crime neighborhood areas, the police worked with the community. If a window was broken, then the owner of the window had to immediately replace it. If there was graffiti on the walls,

Equality And Social Inequality Of Class And Class Equality

Society is organized by hierarchies of class, race, and gender, which creates inequality and social divisions. (reference thoughtco) Social inequality affects the way we view other people, meaning that some people are treated better than others. (Wilson and pickett spirit level) This essay will be focusing on class and ethnic social divisions and how they highlight an unequal distribution of wealth, privilege and power. Unequal distribution can be seen in a variety of ways, such as income and wealth inequality for the working class, and unequal opportunities for ethnic minorities in the workplace. This essay will also be discussing how ethnic and class divisions interlink. Firstly, the sociological study of ethnic inequality highlights†¦show more content†¦This, therefore, shows an unequal distribution of wealth because ethnic minorities are unable to have the same jobs as white people. However, some sociologists believe that ethnic minorities aren’t always exposed to unequal opportunities. For example, ethnic discrimination can occur without any racist motive (Wrench, J 2015). To illustrate there is a type of discrimination called past in present discrimination, which is where patterns of inequality will persist over more than one generation, even if the current discrimination has been removed. Thus, employers may indirectly discriminate against ethnic minorities- it may not be a case of people seeing ethnic minorities as less powerful as white people. (reference, wrench) Additionally, some sociologists believe that black people may be able to minimize the negative impact of belonging to a disadvantaged racial group if they’re socially successful, as the source of employment inequalities isn’t due to ethnicity, instead its because of their socio-economic background (khattab) Secondly, the sociological study of class inequality highlights the unequal distribution of wealth, privilege and power. Payne (2007) views class as a hierarchy in which people â€Å"know their place†, (reference) and from a young age, working classShow MoreRelatedGap of Inequality Between Social Classes in the United States749 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article â€Å"Confronting Inequality†, Paul Krugman argues that the gap of inequality between social classes in the United States is growing because of self- interest. He cites a â€Å"movement conservative†, Irving Kristol, who claims income inequality is not important because there is social equality. Krugman uses Kristol’s statement as a starting position to state his own. Krugman describes the claim as being a â€Å"fantasy world† and not the â€Å"real America we live in† (Krugman 246). I agree with hisRead MoreHistory of Education Legislation in the UK1210 Words   |  5 Pagesprivil eged backgrounds the opportunity to attend school for free. This is clearly an education policy reducing social class inequality, as it is allowing those having no money being allowed to attend school without having to pay. A second piece of education policy that could be said to have a main aim of reducing social class inequality is The Education Act of 1944. Before this, only the middle class children could go to grammar schools and receive prestigious education due to the cost. However, The EducationRead MoreInequality in Social Classes1668 Words   |  7 Pagesliving in a society full of equality, where everyone would have the same income, house, and social class, in other words a ‘perfect’ world, free of competition, greed, classes, and more importantly inequality. Unfortunately, living in classless society falls under the category of a utopia, as long as greed exists in the heart of society, inequality and the division between classes is not going to end. As Mary Douglas once stated, â€Å"Inequality can have a bad downside, but equality, for its part, sure doesRead MoreA person’s orientation on a political issue, specifically domestic public policies, is based on1400 Words à ‚  |  6 Pagesposition or attitude towards the government system based on freedom in particular freedom from and freedom of as well as basing upon equality particularly equality of opportunity and equality of outcome. Liberals tend to choose equality of outcome, the government ensuring equality through services, on economic issues more so than conservatives who tend to chose equality of opportunity. Therefore, based on political ideology, a strong inference can be establish as to what a person tends to be, liberalRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Educational Institution964 Words   |  4 Pageswhile growing up. Since social class is determined in large part by education, the effects of education carry forward into the rest of each person’s life even after they’ve long left the institution itself (Roy, lecture 10). In his lecture on the institution, Professor Roy adds that education allows for a path to social mobility while also reproducing inequalities. This parad ox can be seen in both race and gender – albeit in varying degrees. Race is a perpetuated inequality in the educational institutionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era1108 Words   |  5 Pagesand led to social inequalities. Then the Progressive Era responded to the exploitation of the Gilded Age and reformed America economically, socially, and politically. The movements during the Progressive Age tremendously categorized presidential leadership while redrafting the economic and political systems to give social equality to working class. Although the Gilded Age enhanced American’s economic growth in the world, businessmen gained economic power to make workers suffered from social inequalityRead MoreSocial Inequality And Social Class Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesThe idea of social inequality dates back since the time of our founding fathers. The mistreatment and unlawful equality and opportunity that these foreigners received became embedded into our history—this endless list includes, just to name a few, the Irish, Chinese, Jews, and most notably the African Americans (Blacks), who became slaves to the American people. Here in the United States, the current social class system is known as the class system, where families are distributed and placed intoRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender Identities And Social Identities1442 Words   |  6 Pagesgender identities and social identities. I look at many different areas of research into these two topics and then relate to how that effects the inequality or equality of gender. I will also look at the ways in which girls dis-identify with feminism and why? As well as looking at how girl’s ambitions have changed since the 1970’s. I also look at why men may be just as suppressed as women by society and its norms and values. The connection between gender and social inequalities and identities has progressivelyRead MoreCanada s Power Regime Changes From New Face And New Political Party1266 Words   |  6 Pagesconcealed contentious issue. The PM’s progressive plans aim to be for the wellbeing of Canadian society and building the pavement for a prosperous economy. Although Trudeau’s interior motives may be for the common good, for example to combat inequalities and class hierarchies between the Canadian citizens, his plan however may only be justice for some citizens and unfairness for the others. Analyzing this argument in accordance to the Rawls principles of justice as fairness, and Locke s interpretationRead MoreEconomic Equality Between The Social Classes Of The Great United States Of America1658 Words   |  7 PagesThere should be greater economic equality between the social classes of the great United States of America. While there is no agreement of a full blown communist or social ist revolution, a la Karl Marx, there is agreement that there should be slight changes towards this idea of equality. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a social contract (theory) â€Å"is the view that persons moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society

Rocky IV Essay Example For Students

Rocky IV Essay In 1985, a movie was made that displayed the attitudes and fears that Americans had of the former Soviet Union. Although themovie had some flaws, it did closely represent the feelings of the era that was depicted. This paper intends to analyze and givethe proper credit that this movie and its actors deserve. East meets West when Rocky takes on a vicious Soviet fighter who literally killed his last opponent! Sylvester Stallone writes,directs, and stars in this war between nations in which the only battle is fought in a boxing ring. Rocky must defend his honor,his friend, and America itself. Rocky proudly holds the world heavyweight boxing championship, but a new challenger has stepped forward: Drago (Dolph Lundgren), a six-foot four-inch, 261-pound fighter who has the backing of theSoviet Union. Rockys friend, Apollo Creed (Carl Weathers) fights Drago in an exhibition match, but after Creeds fataldefeat, Rocky knows he must avenge his friend and beat the Soviet adversary. Rockys training regimen takes him to icySiberia, where he prepares for a globally-televised match in the heart of Moscow. Its a powerfully-charged event as Rockytakes on Drago in a heart-pounding fight to the finish. What makes this movie so great is that it captured our fears and hopes all at the same time. In a way, by watching this movie,we were in our own way fighting against our Russian advisories. As far as the historical accuracy goes, we must remember thatthis is just a movie. As with all the ROCKY movies, the boxing matches go on far longer than they would in real life. In thismovie, we saw the Soviet Training system as a finely regimented and scientific endeavor. According to Soviet sports trainingbooks I have read, the kinds of training depicted in the movie may very well be accurate. There are only two things that may bea stretch: The first is the use of sparring partners by Drago. The movie depicts Drago pummeling every one of his partners,sending them to the canvas spitting up blood. This, of course, doesnt happen in real life, sparring partners are partners notpunching bags. The second thing about Dragos training that is questionable is his use of steroids in the movie. Contrary topopular belief, this was not a wide spread practice and, in fact, it was condemned by the government. An y athlete who wascaught doing steroids, or any coach who distributed them, were eliminated from the sports program. Soviet scientists andtrainers knew that the use of steroids only provided a quick boost in strength, and that continued use of them would causeextensive injuries to the athlete. In short, the athlete would be injured so much that he would have been able to train harder andachieve maximum performance without the drugs. In the movies defense though, the scene is relevant in the context that we allthought the Soviets were taking superior drugs thus adding to our fear of them. This movie definitely displayed our thoughts and emotions dealing with the Cold War, right up to the very end. Our sentimentswere captured exactly when after the fight Rocky said, Tonight you had two people killing each otherbut I guess thats betterthan 20 million. If I can change and if you can changeeveryone can change. To be honest, the reason this is my favorite movie is because it of the way to pumps me up. After his friend, Apollo, dies, theemotions fly. I felt the tension and I saw the look in Rockys eyes. Every time I watch, the movie I almost cry (the part wherehe drives his car around and has flashbacks to him and Apollo being together). I love the part where he is all alone in theRussian home and I could see him train. I watch this movie (or Rocky V, or Over the Top) before football games and fastforward to the part when he goes to Russia to train. My favorite part of the movie (of course) is the final fight. Anyone who haswatched boxing knows its not very realistic, but t hat dont matter. The fact of the matter is this, Rocky takes a beating. Hefocus, and Drago gets checked into the Smackdown Hotel. .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .postImageUrl , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:hover , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:visited , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:active { border:0!important; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:active , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Edgar Allen Poe From Inside EssayIn conclusion, the movie served its purpose with the Cold War, but more importantly,

Jet engine Essay Example For Students

Jet engine Essay The Jet Engine and the Revolution in Leisure Air Travel, 1960-1975 Peter Lyth Air transport for European tourists got off to a shaky start in the late 1920s. 1But it was to be thirty years before leisure air travel was to appeal to anyone but the rich and adventurous. High cost, fear of flying and the absence of toilets in early airliners (an unfortunate combination) were the main deterrents; the unpressurized aircraft of the inter-war years were noisy, slow and not especially comfortable despite the efforts of some airlines to make aircraft cabins resemble the first-class state-rooms of an ocean liner. This changed fundamentally after 1958: with the introduction into airline service of the Boeing 707, the Douglas DC-8 and the de Havilland Comet 4, aircraft were capable of flying fast, high and with hitherto unknown smoothness. The jet age had arrived. This paper considers this age and its impact on tourism in the 1960s and 1970s. It argues that while the revolution in European leisure air travel that took place in these years was obviously the result of social and economic change (more disposable income, a greater propensity to take fore ign holidays and the entry of new capital into the independent airline industry), there was also a critical additional factor. Thiswas the breakthrough in transport technology represented by the jet engine and it is on this aeronautical artifact that the papers main focus will lie. I Technological change was crucial to the process of economic and social modernisation in both the 19thand 20thcenturies. New technologies of power generation, manufacturing, transport and communications changed the world and shrunk time and space. What is generally termed Fordism grew out of the mass production of automobiles to encompass a whole array of practices and institutions that now underpin modern Western society2. In the wake of Fordist mass production, a Fordist lifestyle of mass consumption set in after 1950 and this included the international tourist industry, the single largest and fastest-growing industry in the world3. The technological change that triggered and accompanied this explosion in tourist activity was the introduction of the jet engine. Indeed the jet engine has been as vital a part of social modernisation as mass tourism itself. The jet engines evolution and dominance in aerospace propulsion since 1950 is traditionally described in terms of the transfer of technology from military to civilian usage: the turbo-jet grew out of the Second World War and the preparation for it, and was later installed in civil transport aircraft. Certainly all the early jet engines were intended for military aircraft and, as one of the leading researchers in the field has pointed out, the development of turbo-jets is a striking example of the commercialization of military technology.4The point to be made here, however, is that the progression of jet engine use from military to commercial aircraft was not just a case of technological determinism; there is also a social dimension. International tourism became a mass industry in the 1960s because it became fast it became what o ne might term speed tourism (the qualities of which we will return to later) and it became fast because of jet aircraft. The theoretical background to this proposition lies in the idea of the social construction of technology pioneered by the sociologists Wiebe Bijker and Trevor Pinch. According to the social constructionist view, technological change is socially determined rather than technologically inevitable, in other words, it is social rather than technological processes that lead to a sole dominant meaning for a technical artifact. Initially a broad flexibility ofinterpretation will attach itself to a piece of technology let us say the jet engine but eventually, through action within the social and economic environment in which the artifact exists, a single meaning emerges5. The jet engine was conceived in an entirely military setting, its purpose was ill-________________________________________Page 22defined but seen more or less in terms of propelling fighter aircraft to higher speeds and altitudes. It was only in the late 1940s that the first engineers began to consider the possibility of commercial airliners being powered by jet engines and this was at a time when many scientists seriously doubted that human passengers would be able to withstand the strains of travelling at speeds in excess of 500 miles per hour. What changed the jet engines social environment was the advent of mass tourism in the late 1950s and 1960s, in particular the dramatic increase in foreign holidays taken by northern Europeans. Many Britons, for example, took their first holiday abroad at this time; and for the average working or lower-middle class Briton abroad was still an intimidating concept. The Inclusive Tour by air, promised direct travel to a beachside hotel on the Mediterranean, in what amounted to an hermetically-sealed tube, without the risk of encountering foreigners en route6. But the success of the sealed tube approach to travel depended on speed only a jet aircraft travelling at high speed could make such a journey tolerable. With the speed provided by jet engines, the level of passenger comfort on board commercial airliners was less important, individual passenger space could be reduced and more seats crammed into the cabin. This, in turn, led to economies in unit operating costs for airline. I want to suggest therefore that jet engines not only changed the speed and size of the international tourist industry, they also changed its cost and its nature. As it became faster, tourism became cheaper and moved down market. Indeed, it became cheaper because it became faster. When civil airliners were relatively slow in the early 1950s, with an average cruising speed of around 250 miles per hour, they had to be comfortable luxurious even. When they got faster, passenger comfort could safely be dispensed with. The revolution in international tourism brought about by the jet engine not only changed spatial relationships between tourist gene rating and recipient nations, it has also changed the travel experience itself. Tourists no longer crossed a landscape on route to their destination, the approach was no longer gradual, and there was no need for the slightest degree of acclimatisation. Instead instant departure was followed by instant arrival. The tourist overflew everything and remained ignorant and oblivious of what lay between his point of departure and his destination. This might have led to severe culture shock as the stark contrast between, for example, a suburb of Manchester and Palma de Majorca, sank in. But this seems not to have happened. The speed tourism born out of the jet engine imparts to the traveller a sense of superiority which makes acclimatisation unnecessary. Speed tourists arrive as masters overtheir destinations. The historian David Nye has noted of tourist destinations and landscapes that the tourist gaze is embedded in technological structure, so that the modern tourist exerts his or her ma stery over sites and makes them man-made; where the 19thcentury tourist gazed at Niagara Falls or an Alpine peak, and allowed himself to be uplifted by nature, the modern tourist looks at a landscape and thinks in terms of speed and immediacy: the strongest possible experience in a minimum oftime.7It is the argument of this paper that this sense of speed and immediacy, this sense of mastery over tourist destinations, originated with the jet engine. II Although the turbo-jet engine was proposed, in theory, by the British Royal Air Force officer Frank Whittle in a patent he took out in 1930, it was the German physicist Hans von Ohain who built and ran the first jet engine with the help of the Heinkel aircraft company in 1935 and flew the first jet plane in 1939. Broadly speaking, the Germans were ahead of the British up until the middle of the Second World War with both the Junkers and BMW firms developing engines. Whittles first engine, the W1, powered a jet aircraft in 1941. By the end of the war both Britain and Germany had operational jet fighters the Gloster Meteor with Rolls Royce Derwent engines and the Messerschmitt Me.262 with Junkers Jumo 004s. The German engines were more advanced in that they had axial-flow compressors,the technology that was to form the basis of post-war jet engine development. The Americans were behind the British and Germans but caught up after they secured a Whittle engine in 1941 and both the General Electric and Pratt Whitney companies were able to copy it8. After the war, with the Germans eliminated from all competition in engine and airframe manufacturing, ________________________________________Page 33the British tried to consolidate their advantage in jets. The problem was that although they led the Americans in engine construction, they were well behind the United States in airframe design. This weakness showed itself with tragic consequences when Britain flew the first commercial jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet 1, in 1952. The Comets short life ended with a series of crashes in 1954; it was not the beginning of the jet age as some Britons thought, but an unfortunate false start. The Comet was,of course, much faster than the fastest piston-engined airliners of the time the Lockheed Super Constellation and the Douglas DC-7C, with their complicated radial engines but it was too small (36 passengers) to represent anything approaching a vehicle for mass transport. The fulfilment of that task had to wait for another four years until the Boeing 707 entered service with Pan American Airways in 1958. The 707 the first big jet passenger aircraft was powered by the innovatory and highly successful Pratt ; Whitney JT.3C, which had undergone a long period of development in military aircraft as the J-57. In Britain, the Rolls Royce equivalent to the JT.3C was the Avon, which powered a number of military types in Europe as well as the Comet 4 and the French Caravelle twin-jet airliner. The problem with the first generation of axial-flow jet engines like the JT.3C and the Avon was that they were noisy and costly to operate. Direct operating costs for advanced piston-engined passenger aircraft like the DC-7C had fallen to a point where they were close one US cent per seat-mile in the late1950s and initially jet airliners were unable to compete with this, although their total unit costs were less because the much greater capacity of the 707 and its Douglas equivalent, the DC-8. What changedthis, and brought the real commercial breakthrough for jet passenger aircraft, was the development in the 1960s of the by-pass engine9. The great merits of the by-pass engine to airline managers was that itadded additional thrust to the jet, lowered fuel consumption and was substantially quieter than straight jets like the JT.3C with their deafening whine. The first engine to incorporate the by-pass feature was the Rolls Royce Conway, which had a low by-pass ratio of about 5 per cent. It entered se rvice from 1960 on the Boeing 707, later on the Vickers-Armstrong VC-10. Interestingly, Pratt ; Whitney initially opposed the by-pass idea, but relented when their archival GE threatened to providethe new engines to Pratts customers and they added a front-fan to the JT.3C, creating the JT.3D turbofan10. The by-pass engine formed the basis of the commercial jet revolution in the airline industry. Their greater power meant that more passengers could be carried because bigger aircraft could be built around the new engines and existing ones stretched. The jet airliners which appeared in the 1960s the Boeing 727 tri-jet and the Boeing 737 and Douglas DC-9 twinjets would not have been possible without them. Soon the three main engine manufacturers were going much further and increasing the by-pass ratio from the modest ranges of the Conway and the JT.3D to over 50 per cent, using huge front fans on the new generation of civil engines which finally entered service in the 1970s: Pratt Whi tneys JT.9D, the GE CF6 and the Rolls Royce RB.211. Not all civil jet engine development, however, went in the direction of economy and quietness. In Britain the Bristol-Siddeley Company had built the Olympus engine a powerful straight jet with an afterburner for the Avro Vulcan V-bomber. In the 1960s it was chosen to power an airliner that was a veritable symbol of elitist travel: the supersonic Anglo-French Concorde. So, while the technology of the by-pass engine heralded air transports coming-of-age as a mass transport mode, the Concorde andits military-style Olympus engines followed an alternative path and revived the old notion that the richshould be able to travel faster than the poor. The Concordes Olympus engines not only used vast quantities of fuel but they were appallingly noisy. In operation with British Airways and Air France from the mid-1970s, the Concordes engines were such an environmental hazard that they nearly destroyed the airlines chances of operating commerc ially when the Americans refused to allow the plane to land in New York. Although it was undoubtedly an instance of bold technological initiative and collaboration, the Concorde seems to have proved to be a false path in aeronautical history11. Bycontrast, the by-pass engine was the catalyst for a mass transport revolution and the rapid expansion ofthe international tourist industry. Which gender is more likely to drive after drinkin Essay26What entrepreneurs like Langton and Williams had grasped apparently well in advance of the flag-carriers management was the economic and also the social significance of jet aircraft. They had understood that if you carry passengers fast, you dont need to carry them in great comfort. Luxury carriage, the traditional product of the old scheduled airlines, was only necessary when aircraft were driven by piston-engines and therefore inherently slow. Jets brought speed and lower prices, but they also bought more spartan service, more democratic and proletarian conditions on board. The jet engine, and particularly the by-pass technology which began its development in the 1960s, was the catalyst by which the air transport ________________________________________Page 99industry matured into the mass service undertaking it is today. It was the key artifact in the transformation of the airline business from a travel opportunity for the adventurous elite into a transport industry for the masses. 1In 1928 Imperial Airways did launch what appears to have been the first inclusive package tour by air,but at a price (435 per person) and with an itinerary which was clearly targeted at a wealthy and exclusive clientele. It was a winter holiday comprising a 35-day tour of France, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Italy, and included de luxe accommodation in the best hotels all along the route. Imperial Airways, About the First Winter Air Cruise, November 1927. 2See David HARVEY, The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford, Blackwell, 1989. 3In 1996 the World Travel ; Tourism Council put the value of goods and services attributable to tourism at US$3.6 trillion, or over 10 per cent of gross global product. The Economist, 10 January 1998, Travel and Tourism Survey, p. 3. 4Virginia P. DAWSON, The American Turbojet Industry and British Competition in William M. LEARY(ed.), From Airships to Airbus: the History of Civil and Co mmercial Aviation, Vol.1, Washington DC, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995, p. 127. Two cases will suffice to illustrate the point: the American Pratt ; Whitney J-57 and the British Rolls Royce Avon axial-flow engines were equally at home in jet airliners (Boeing 707, de Havilland Comet) as they were in jet bombers (Boeing B-52, Vickers Valiant). 5Trevor PINCHand Wiebe BIJKER, The Social Construction of facts and artifacts or how sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other in Social Studies of Science, 14, 1984, pp. 399-441. 6Support for this notion appears to come from a survey carried out in 1967 in which 71 per cent of respondents claimed that the attraction of Inclusive Tours lay not only in the holidays low price but the fact that they did not have to make any individual arrangements or deal with any foreign officials. British National Travel Survey, 1967, BTA January 1968. 7David E. NYE, Narratives and Space, Technology and the construction of American culture, University of Exeter Press, 1997, pp. 22-23. 8For the race to get the jet engine operational see Edward W. CONSTANTII, The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1980, esp. pp. 178-207. Also helpful is Ronald MILLERand David SAWERS, The Technical Development of Modern Aviation, London, 1968, pp. 157-161. 9By-pass engines add a stream of cold air, by-passing the compressor and turbine, and joining the gas jet at the rear. This addition of colder, slower-moving air increases the mass of the jet and thus its thrust. These engines have a ducted fan at the front which, unlike an open propeller, can spin at the slower speed of the turbine hence turbofan engine. See, for example, John SNOW, Airliner Propulsion in Philip JARRETT(ed.), Modern Air Transport.Worldwide AirTransport from 1945 to the Present, London, 2000, pp. 62-64. 10John NEWHOUSE, The Sporty Game, Knopf, New York, 1982, p. 112. 11The Economist, 19 August 2000, Time and Money: Why Concorde was never the right way to speed up air travel. In July 2000 an Air France Concorde crashed outside Paris, killing over a hundred people. The type was immediately withdrawn by Air France and subsequently by British Airways. 12The package tour was more or less invented by British independent airlines in conjunction with British tour operators, see Annual Report of the British Independent Air Transport Association (BIATA), 1967, p. 18. The president of BIATA in 1967, the organisations last year, was J.E.D.Williams, the head of Britannia Airways. 13 International Tourism Quarterly (ITQ), Issues in the News, 2. 1971, Economist Intelligence Unit, London, p. 2. 14Allan M.WILLIAMSand Gareth SHAW, Western European Tourism in Perspective in Allan M.WILLIAMSand Gareth SHAW(eds), Tourism and Economic Development, London ; New York, ________________________________________Page 10101988, p. 13. 15Rigas DOGANIS, Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines, 2 nd ed. London, 1991, p. 174. 16See Alan SNUDDEN, Success in a package in Journal of the Institute of Transport January/February 1990. 17F.F.HIGGINS, Tour Operating: Some Implications for Air Transport, 15thAnglo-American Aeronautical Conference, London, 31 May 2 June 1977, Royal Aeronautical Society. 18McDonnell Douglas Market Research Report, The European Charter Airlines, 2ndedition, Worldwide Horizons, Market Research Department, Douglas Aircraft Company, March 1977, MR-report, C1-800-4275, p. 1. 19Measured by passenger-kilometre, charter airlines were likely to be in front because the average charter flight is longer than the average scheduled flight; the latter usually being between north European capitals. 20See J.E.D.WILLIAMS, Holiday Traffic by Air in Institute of Transport Journal, May 1968, p. 372. 21 Douglas PEARCE, Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis, New York, 1987, pp. 86-93. 22Geoffrey CUTHBERT, Flying to the Sun. Quarter century of Britannia Airways, Europes lead ing leisure airline, 1988, pp. 11-45. 23 Civil Aviation Authority figures quoted in ITQ, No.3, 1985, Issues in the News; 18. The other major carriers were Dan Air, Monarch and BAs charter company British Air Tours. 24Reported in ITQ, Issues in the News, 2, 1971, p. 5. 25Fares from London to Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Milan, Munich, Nice, Stockholm and Zurich were cut by half, while the peak-season fare to Rome was reduced from 92.30 to 41.15. ITQ, Issues in the News, 1, 1971, p. 4. 26 This reassessment process also took place in government, see the musings of a senior British civil servant in R. BURNS, What are Airlines for ? in Institute of Transport Journal, May 1969, pp. 127-139.

Definition Essay For Your Job Description

Definition Essay For Your Job DescriptionYou may be surprised to find out how easy it is to create a definition essay for your specific job description. Using a definition as the foundation of your essay allows you to become more creative and develop a good knowledge base for future assignments. Here is a simple outline to follow for creating a great definition essay for you.Definition should always be short, to the point, and descriptive. One or two sentences should suffice when using a definition. Your job description should not be bogged down with lengthy descriptions of a complex idea. Too much information will give the reader little to go on, and they will feel left in the dark.In addition to having concise and short, to the point definitions, you should research your main points before writing the essay. Your main points should be integrated into the definition of the ideas that you want to put forth. What will you use this information for? Does this paper deal with an area suc h as business or personal relationships?Then once you have the main idea and definitions laid out, it is time to start combining them into a coherent essay. When writing a definition, you are required to make sure that you give examples of what you want your readers to learn. This includes creating real life situations that you can relate to in order to help them grasp the main ideas.Using a combination of examples and information gives the reader more to work with when formulating their own opinions. There is no better way to ensure your article is effective than to give readers more to work with. Showing them how the subject matter they are about to discuss would affect their life will help them form an opinion on your essay.Once you have an idea of what you want to accomplish with your essay, the next step is to put this idea together into an essay that will teach them about your main point. Using the information from your sources, you should then create a brief summary of the in formation that you have put forth in your definition. Then you can continue to write your essay by adding more examples that provide additional information to this.Finish off the essay by using a paragraph basis for your writing and ending with a strong closing statement. The best rule to follow when writing a definition is to keep the facts straight and concise. Keeping these steps in mind will assure that your readers get all of the information they need to form an opinion about your essay.By following these steps, you will be well on your way to creating a definition essay that will receive high marks from your readers. The idea behind this particular type of essay is to provide an interesting topic for your readers to discuss. Help them understand your views on their topic and you are well on your way to creating a successful essay.

Unix (1679 words) Essay Example For Students

Unix (1679 words) Essay Unix?UNIX was the first operating system designed to run on ?dissimilar computers by converting most hardware specific commands in machine language into an independent programming language called ?C,? Jon Wolfe writes in the Nashville Business Journal. (Wolfe 29) UNIX was the basis of ATTs telephone system and the governments wide area network system. Then it became the basis of communication between engineers and scientists, and eventually the basis of communication for everyone worldwide (World Wide Web (Web)). It has held this remarkable spot since 1969. However, in the 1990s there are competitors in the market, namely, Microsoft Corporation with its Windows NT product. But UNIX-based software suppliers are not just turning over and letting the competitors win. UNIX supporters are many, and UNIX remains, and will remain a major player in the marketplace. We will write a custom essay on Unix (1679 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The unique advantage of the UNIX operating system when it was introduced was that it could (and still does) run on dissimilar machines, unheard of prior to 1969. UNIX also can run more than one program at a time, store complex graphics and databases, and link to other UNIX and mainframe computer systems, including DOS since the late 1980s. UNIX-based systems control various programs written by many companies to distribute information between multiple computers within the network. This minimizes user costs and eliminates system-wide hardware crashes. Some of the original UNIX programs are ?still evident today.? (Wolfe 29)UNIX was developed at ATT in 1969, primarily for controlling the phone network and handling government communications. Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sun Systems, other U.S. companies and international companies now sell versions of UNIX that work best on their computers. UNIX at first worked over ARPnet, ?named after its sponsor from the Pentagon.? (Sembawang 1997). The ARPA network grew throughout the 1970s when computer networks from various organizations, both nationally and internationally, began to link to ARPAnet, mostly for transferring engineering and scientific research data. ?With the advent of satellite transmissions, the first international network connection was made with the University of London (England) and the Royal Radar Establishment of Norway in 1973.? (Sembawang 1997) In 1979, the National Science Foundation established the Computer Science Research Network (CSnet), which connected to ARPAnet through a gateway. This system was used for e-mail and sharing technical information. (Sembawang 1997)In the early 1980s, the NSF created its own network, NSFnet, which added educational links for schools and libraries. However, access to NSFnet was limited to these government or government research organizations. (Sembawang 1997)In 1992, NSF created Advanced Network and Services, Inc. (ANS), used to manage the NSFnet, which opened up the Inter net to everyone. ANS also opened up the potential for multimedia on the Internet through the World Wide Web. (Sembawang 1997)Once the potential was there, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) began a project to create the international internet. The CERN project operated on TCP/IP transfer protocols developed inside a Berkeley UNIX system. The project was started in the mid-1980s and completed in 1990. By 1993, the internet had become a world-wide phenomenon. (Segal 1995)The Web allows users to easily browse through hypertext and multimedia located on various computers and main frame systems around the world. Prior to the CERN project, internet users had to know UNIX programming language and move around in a cumbersome UNIX shell environment. (Segal 1995)The Web can best be described as a ?global interactive, dynamic, cross-platform, distributed, graphical hypertext information system that operates over the internet. (Lemay 4) It operates on many protocols, including FTP, Gopher, UseNet, WAIS databases, and TELNET. Most of the text transferred over the internet is written in hypertext markup language (HTML). Graphics are transferred via standard generalized markup language (SGML) through the UNIX operating system. No one owns the web, but a consortium of U.S. and European individuals and organizations who support its operation, called the World Wide Web (W3) Consortium, established the protocols and languages that will be supported on the web. (Lemay 12). Popular browsers include Netscape, NCSA Mosaic, Lyna, MacWeb and WinWeb. A URL (home pages, BBSs, etc.) is a pointer to a posting on a Gopher, UseNet or FTP. All of these are currently transferred over the UNIX operating system. .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .postImageUrl , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:hover , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:visited , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:active { border:0!important; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:active , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shine Essay?Today, the Internet is still growing in terms of size and number of connections. It is estimated that there are now about 50 million Internet users worldwide, from as many as 100 countries.? (Sembawang 1997). UNIX has enjoyed a long, exclusive history, but Microsoft is trying to establish Windows NT as the premier Web server and replace UNIXs dominant position as the internets operating system. Although the internet was originally developed around UNIX, some companies who design software for the internet are becoming ?reluctant to embrace UNIX for this purpose.? (Harvey (74(2)) A major reason for moving to NT instead of UNIX is that the UNIX operating system is expensive, whereas Microsoft Windows NT is affordable to everyday users. (Harvey (74(2)). The other major advantage of Microsoft Windows NT is ?significantly easier to install and maintain.? (Harvey (74(2)). Also, UNIX requires additional utility software such as NetWare which is already built in to Microsoft Windows NT. (Harvey (74(2)). There are a few companies that have already switched to NT, such as Irvine, Californias Platinum Software Corp. However, they will lose 175 customers in the process who are tied into Sun Systems, which do not operate on Windows NT. ?A lot of Platinum UNIX customers are on Sun Microsystems, Inc. platforms,? Mark Lefneski, a Toronto independent consultant, said. (King 4) The cost of replacing that hardware is a strong consideration for most companies considering a switch to Microsoft Windows NT. Other users are not so quick to jump on the NT bandwagon. They believe that Microsofts BackOffice, ?which comprises the NT operating system and SQL Server database, will be less robust than the UNIX/Sybase combination.? (King 4). UNIX designers have responded to the competitive threat by upgrading software and hardware to run ?very large databases (VLDB).? (Nash 67) VLDBs can either store several hundred gigabytes or a few terabytes of data. UNIX retail companies are also reducing the price on hardware and software in combination with Informix Software, Inc. in Menlo Park, California, Oracle Corp. in Redwood Shores, California, and others. The reduced price ?makes VLDB a viable option for UNIX shops.? (Nash 67) Kim Nash, writing for Computerworld, states that UNIX still needs to develop software interfaces for planning and running even larger inventory systems. (Nash 67)TRW is working with a UNIX system that maps consumer credit histories better than current systems. TRWs system is a combined ?UNIX-based Oracle and mainframe-resident IBM DB2 databases.? (Nash 67) TRW is now using VLDBs to process transactions, whereas ?most UNIX-based VLDBs are used for data warehousing.? (Nash 67)Nash writes: ?todays craze for data warehousing the technology hula hoop of the 1990s that will result in UNIX users pushing the outer limits of database size, according to Richard Winter, an analyst at The Winter Corp., a consulting firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.? (Nash 67) According to Winter, writes Nash, ?grocery stores, clothing chains, discounters and other consumer-oriented companies to find out why people buy what and when. ?Thats really just a series of sophisticated database queries on very large amounts of data, he said.? (Nash 67)Other enhancements enjoyed by UNIX upgrades include quicker file transfer. Jay Milne of Network Computing writes that when NFS (Network Filing System) is installed, UNIX speed is increased by placing the burden of file transfer on the UNIX serv er while program processing is still retained on individual workstations. Milne says that NFS is integrated in the UNIX operating system and is ?available on a variety of platforms, including Novell NetWare, Microsoft Windows NT, Digital VAX and IBM OS/2.? (Milne 162). UNIX systems are widely used by banking institutions and other public service industries as a means of doing business with their customers over the Internet. In one example, customers of Kansas City Power Light Co. in Kansas City, Missouri can access their accounts to determine how much electricity theyve used, and the company is experimenting with ?online bill payment.? (Wagner 59)Although the company sees security as a major concern, they find no reason to ?stay off-line.? The claim that internet security devices, such as encryption and firewalls are ?relatively safe? security devices. Mitch Wagner writing for Computerworld writes that ?Marriott and Kansas City Power ; Light shelter legacy systems from the Internet by allowing access only at ?mirror sites servers outside the firewall that contain duplicates of the data stored on internal sites. ?Its like having a lock on your door, said Ray Pasley, supervisor of network services at Kansas City Power ; Light.? (Wagner 59) Wagner wr ites, ?the risk of being off-line outweighs the risk of being online, because customers are increasingly demanding online access to data and will take their business to companies that have a dynamic online presence, Pasley said.? (Wagner 59)It is obvious that with public demand for internet services, combined with the fact that the internet is UNIX-based, there is no immediate threat to the UNIX operating system. UNIX has served many different government and scientific entities in the past and continues to be enhanced by software designers in order to better serve customers by being responsive to todays marketplace. UNIX serves, and will continue to serve the world through the Web. BibliographyWorks CitedLemay, Laura (1995). Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML In 14 Days. Sams.net. Indianapolis IN. .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .postImageUrl , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:hover , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:visited , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:active { border:0!important; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:active , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal cruelty EssayNash, Kim S. ?UNIX Databases Handling Larger Loads.,? Computerworld. (1995) : May, pp. 67. Segal, Ben. ?A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN.,? CERN PDP-NS. (1995) : April. wwwcn.cern.ch/pdp/ns/ben/TCPhist.html. Sembawang Media (1997). www.cybertime.com.sg/us.html Wagner, Mitch. ?Firms: Open the store, lock the safe.,? Computerworld. (1997) : April, pp. 59. Wolfe, Jon. ?Enhancing skills takes more than a keystroke..,? Nashville Business Journal. Vol. 11. (1995) : August, pp. 29. Computers and Internet Essays