Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs

Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs Rope-a-Dope and International Affairs By Maeve Maddox A few days ago I started tuning in to a meeting between NPR’s Scott Simon and Dennis Ross, an individual from the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. My consideration was halted cold by this sentence in Simon’s introductory statements: I am sorry for utilizing a games similarity, yet shouldn't something be said about the odds this may be the rope-a-moron technique for Iran? I don’t know how I’ve figured out how to go so long without experiencing this articulation, yet I hadn’t a sign regarding what Simon implied by â€Å"the rope-a-numbskull strategy.† The articulation began in 1974 when the fighter Muhammad Ali presented the strategy in his battle with George Foreman. Other than its utilization to portray a boxing move, clearly the articulation is usually utilized in political composition. My solitary reason for staying oblivious of it for such a long time is that my enthusiasm for legislative issues is on a standard with my enthusiasm for sports. Neither the OED nor Merriam-Webster Unabridged has a section for â€Å"rope-a-dope,† however I discovered this definition at the free online Oxford Dictionaries: rope-a-blockhead thing: (US casual) A boxing strategy of professing to be caught against the ropes, prodding a rival to toss tiring inadequate punches. The articulation has been applied to the postponing strategies supported by Iran at any rate since 2006: Many dread that the Iranians are occupied with a round of â€Å"rope-a-dope,† retaining our earnest attempts to stop their atomic program while purchasing time to get themselves over the atomic expertise edge. â€US Senate report, 2006 One issue with utilizing sports analogies as a rule revealing is that not all perusers know about them. Another is that the journalists who utilize the articulations may not utilize them to mean something very similar. What's more, a third is that the more such an articulation is utilized, the more the first significance is probably going to move. These appear to be the most well-known understandings of â€Å"the rope-a-blockhead strategy†: - inciting an adversary to vitality squandering rage - claiming to be more vulnerable than one is - diverting an adversary from one’s genuine reason - utilizing postponing strategies On account of Iran, â€Å"rope-a-dope† compares to â€Å"delaying tactics†: deferring strategies: an activity or system intended to concede or delay something so as to increase a favorable position for oneself. For sports-tested audience members, Simon could have stated, â€Å"What about the odds this may be a postponing strategy with respect to Iran?† Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesLatter, not Ladder10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

Difference between Scientific Management and Human Relations

Question: Dark (2013), among others, contends that the contrasts between logical administration and the human relations approach are strategic and that both are seeking after similar finishes. Fundamentally look into these two schools of the executives thought? Answer: Presentation: Authoritative Behavior can be characterized as an order which is worried about different parts of human conduct in an association. This field essentially features on bunch elements and estimates how people partake in a group and should cooperate. In this kind of condition people practice authority and authoritative change is featured here. Some of the time Organization Behavior is otherwise called a hypothesis which is legitimately determined by the administration of an association. Authoritative Behavior have developed since US Civil war in the mid twentieth century (Processes, 2015). The investigation Of Organizational Behavior is extremely testing and fascinating as well. It relies upon the conduct of the representatives working that they are solicited to convey in wording from their conduct. OB is a social framework that influences association structure, bunch just as individual conduct. Association Behavior concentrates every single part of gathering just as individual viewpoints and contrasts it and different associations. There are two parts of Organization conduct, one is miniaturized scale and the other one is large scale. There are different obligations of the board that is connected to tem building, dynamic, initiative and techniques of an association (Introduction to Organization Behavior, 2015). Logical School of Management Logical school of the board is an administration hypothesis that was created by F.W. Taylor in the year 1880. This school assists with upgrading work efficiency and therefore expands the economy of the nation. This model is likewise known seen from the old style viewpoint of Taylorism (Darwish, 2013). In the year 1909, Taylor distributed The Principles of Scientific Management. In this school of the executives Taylor suggested that profitability could be expanded if the occupations are progressively disentangled and improved. Here the laborers and administrators were approached to help out one another. Laborers didn't win any impetuses from the work and there was no inspiration at work. Taylor accepted that cash was the primary helper to work so he presented the possibility of a reasonable days pay for a reasonable days work. This implies on the off chance that a laborer didn't work enough, at that point he was not qualified for pay (Cliffsnotes.com, 2015). Human Relations Approach to Management: Human relations essentially manage the examination of human instinct, people groups gives that happen because of hierarchical and relational connections. This methodology stands to be basic part for an associations achievement. This methodology was begat by Elton Mayo and his partner Fritz Roethlisberger from Harvard University (Witzel, 2011). This examination established about Hawthorne tests which were led at the Western Electric production line in Chicago. The examination delineated that lighting levels would affect efficiency of the laborers and they imagined that all the more light would expand greater profitability of the laborers (Accel-team.com, 2015). Later on they understood that lighting had no effect on laborers execution. Rather they saw that the nearness of scientists on the field permitted more representative profitability. They additionally chose to assess on the rest time frames and long periods of work of the laborers. Later on they thought of an end that it was a result of the perspectives of the representatives that there was an expansion in the work efficiency of the representatives. The discoveries of the examination were known as the Hawthorne Effect. Distinction between the two methodologies:- The Comparison and difference depends on the laborers contemplations and perspectives that contrasts from individual to person. The distinctions additionally relies upon the way that how they control the workforce with the goal that they can achieve their undertaking in like manner. On the off chance that there is accessibility of appropriate coordination and compelling on work relations, at that point people can work significantly under high tension. It is constantly accepted that an association consistently relies upon common participation and coordination; there must be a two way communication present in the association. It is likewise vital for the administration to remain alert about the mental needs of people. There ought not be any dominancy by the more significant position authority (Bauer, 2015). Requests are intended for execution. It is to be obviously comprehended that the subordinates are to give them assignments and not orders and the laborers are intended to execute th em. The significant contrasts can be shown in the accompanying focuses: Human Relations Model rose in the social period on where there is association of government and the economy and the old style the board hypothesis of Taylor was created to bring down the efficiencies of enormous scope creation which had accessibility of essence of migrant workforce who were not all that certified. The human relations model had a steady domain while the old style the executives hypothesis had generally certain suppositions. Human methodology sent their work by building agreeable frameworks for productivity. While the logical school had the control for proficiency. The human relations school had casual relations with their laborers while the logical school of the board had basic association plan and employment advancement for laborers were given (Nature Of the executives, 2015). Contentions identified with human relations approach: Crafted by Elton Mayo was constantly viewed as bolstered by logical administration. Taylor applied science to his school of the board so monetary proficiency could be accomplished and that can likewise expand work efficiency. There were numerous contentions identified with human connection approach. It was contended that the job that Elton Mayo played was questionable, and he portrayed to be the originator of this administration thought. A few specialists accepted that it was at that point utilized much before the Hawthorne tests. Scientists like Nyland and Bruce recognized a comparative idea to that of human relations much before Elton Mayo did. It was additionally accepted that there was another name that was pre credited for human connection model and that is of Henry S. Dennison. There was a nexus that was made among Taylorism and human connection thought (Rose, 2015). The logical administration and Taylorism, as clarified by F.W. Taylor, was a finished mental upheaval. This idea determined its administrators to work with energy of flawlessness to work so all the authoritative issues could be evaluated. This examination additionally utilized subjective information to choose representatives at work. Furthermore Taylor presented work efficiency through portraying the conduct of representatives. How Scientific School of Management and Human Relations Management are key to an association:- The administration speculations consistently upheld the presence of associations and furthermore practices command over different viewpoints in the association too. It likewise records to utilize the assets adequately and in an organized way with the goal that most extreme profitability can be accomplished. There ought to likewise be minimization of waste for the assets. It is likewise accepted that key administration and corporate technique assume a significant job to decide the methodologies of the board. It is essential to break down the present business position in the earth and that ought to make a benchmark for better recognizable proof. To assess the outside condition PESTLE investigation can be utilized to comprehend key choices of an association and how it influences the general business (David, 2005). The methodology of logical school of the executives is attempting to converge with different business capacities. The human relations model was the fundamental inspiration for the workers separated from Maslow and Herzbergs plans of inspiration. This likewise influenced the compensation arrangement of the representatives which made the errand of the workers additionally testing and vital to persevere through elite in the associations. End: The early ways to deal with study the executives, for example, the logical methodology and human relations are supposed to be significant wellsprings of present day school of the board. Logical administration hypothesis states how effective the laborers ought to be regarding the creation procedure. It likewise engaged to accomplish worker fulfillment and other social parts of the representatives in the association. Current school of the executives likewise gives experiences to assist them with being progressively powerful and pertinent as far as the everyday work. The logical way of thinking additionally permitted a pioneer to play out all the obligations under him itself. It likewise engaged to keep up coordination and participation to help with building up the self-improvement of representatives in an association. Though in the human relations, Mayo delineated that laborers were increasingly OK with more noteworthy acknowledgment of work and that helped representatives to achieve inspiration. The logical way of thinking likewise upheld the authoritative development keeping view not to hamper singular development also. It gave more significance to the laborers. References: Accel-team.com, (2015).Human relations school of the board way to deal with improve efficiency.. [online] Available at: https://www.accel-team.com/human_relations/INDEX.html [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Bauer, M. (2015).GRIN - Compare and difference logical administration and human relations hypothesis. [online] Grin.com. Accessible at: https://www.grin.com/en/digital book/205705/look into logical administration and-human-relations-hypothesis [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Cliffsnotes.com, (2015).Classical Schools of Management. [online] Available at: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/standards of-the board/the-development of-the executives thought/old style schools-of-the executives [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Darwish, T. (2013).Strategic HRM and execution. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub. David, F. (2005).Strateg

Behaviour Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry

Conduct Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry Title of the article: Model of parental acknowledgment of different conduct the executives methods utilized in pediatric dentistry Dynamic: Reason: to assess the parental acknowledgment of various conduct the board procedures routinely utilized in pediatric dentistry. Strategies: Forty guardians were indicated a video tape of various nine conduct the executives methods. (1.) Tell Show Do, (2.) Modeling, (3.) Positive fortification, (4.) Distraction, (5.) Voice control, (6.) Hand over mouth work out, (7.) physical limit, (8.) cognizant sedation and (9.) General Anesthesia. Guardians were disclosed and requested to rate their acknowledgment on visual simple scale gave in structure Results: All the guardians in the example bunch finished the review structure and among them 37 guardians acknowledged the encouraging feedback procedure as the most worthy. The least worthy procedures were Hand over mouth practice and physical control. The acknowledgment rate was in following request: Positive Reinforcement, Tell Show Do, Distraction, Modeling, Conscious Sedation, General Anesthesia, Voice Control, Hand over Mouth Exercise, Physical Restrain. End: Parents favor increasingly positive methodologies and the board procedures that engage showings designed for the child’s level of tolerating. Aversive molding like Physical Restraint, Hand over mouth exercise and voice control is more firmly dismissed than sedation and general sedation. Presentation: The most basic aspect in pediatric dental practice is conduct the executives of the youngster. It spares the hour of dental specialists as well as guardians and youngster. The victories can be gotten by the less restless and all around oversaw kid. (Wright G Z. Conduct Management in Dentistry for Children. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1975) And for overseeing such youngster, the quantity of conduct the executives procedures has been clarified in the writing. The close connection among youngster, parent, dental specialist and society has been very much clarified by pedodontic triangle which gives legitimate kid dental consideration. This, yet in addition it gives the data in regards to the conduct the executives procedures to be utilized against the kid. (Wright G Z. Conduct Management in Dentistry for Children. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1975. )(American foundation of pediatric dentistry: Guideline on conduct direction for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent 2007;29:115㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ24.) According to Kupietzky, for better comprehension for their youngsters' treatment, guardians can likewise take an interest effectively in treatment choices, and different conduct the executives procedures to change their kids' conduct. This will eventually lessen the parental tension. (Kupietzky A. Impacts of video data on parental preoperative tension level and their view of cognizant sedation versus general sedation for the dental treatmen t of their little youngster. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006;31:90㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2) with developing worry about youngsters' privileges and thinking about moral angles, pedodontists can no longer underestimate that guardians will embrace any type of conduct the board method without issue. (Klein A. Physical limitation, educated assent and the kid tolerant. J Dent Child; 55: 121-122. 1987, Lawrence S M, McTigue D J, Wilson S, Odom J G, Waggoner W F, Fields H W Jr. Parental perspectives toward conduct the executives strategies utilized in pediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent; 13: 151-155. 1991.) Educated assent is having a developing blow on conduct the executives of kids. The courts maintain that treatment by medicinal services experts without earlier assent is cluster and the dental specialist who treats a patient without assent might be at risk (Brown 1976). It was expressed in the gathering supported by American foundation of pediatric dentistry in 1988 that educated assent must be acquired preceding utilize any conduct the executives procedure in kids. (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: Behavior Management for the Pediatric Dental Patient Final Proceedings of a Workshop,September 30 October 2, 1988, Iowa City, IA.) There are scarcely any investigations which exhibit that conduct the board methods are not equally recognized by guardians or gatekeepers and numerous procedures are seen as offensive. (Murphy M G, Fields H W Jr, Machen J B. Parental acknowledgment of pediatric dentistry conduct the executives strategy. Pediatr Dent; 6: 193-198. 1984. , Peretz B, Zadik D. Perspectives of guardians toward their essence in the treatâ ­ment room during dental treatment to their youngsters. J Clin Pediatr Dent; 23: 27-30. 1998.) Different examinations have been finished with respect to acknowledgment of different conduct the board strategies in youngsters. It starts with the examination done by Murphy et at who first experienced in quite a while in parental acknowledgment of conduct the board methods. In their examination, they satisfied that tell-show-do procedure was standard by most guardians and general sedation and aversive molding strategies like physical limit were least acknowledged. (Murphy MG, Fields HW, Machen JB. Parental acknowledgment of pediatric dentistry conduct the board procedures. Pediatr Dent 1984; 6: 193-8.) Seven years after this examination another investigation done by the Laurence et al expressed that the enough clarification is fundamental for better understanding and acknowledgment every strategy by guardians. (Lawrence SM, McTigue DJ, Wilson S, et al. Parental mentalities toward conduct the board strategies utilized in pediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent 1991; 13: 151-5.) Havelka i n 1992 cited in his investigation that the financial status additionally impact the acknowledgment of certain social change method by guardians. (Havelka C, McTigue D, Wilson S, Odom J. The impact of economic wellbeing and earlier clarification on parental mentalities toward conduct the board procedures. Pediatr Dent 1992; 14: 376-81). Additionally, the acknowledgment of every conduct the executives method is impacted by culture and geographic area. (Long N. The changing idea of child rearing in America. Pediatr Dent 2004; 26: 121-4.) Till now there is just a single Indian investigation was there in regards to acknowledgment conduct the board methods by guardians. (Elango I, Baweja DK, Shivaprakash PK. Parental acknowledgment of pediatric conduct the executives strategies: A relative report. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2012;30:195-200) In this manner, understanding parental acknowledgment in regards to different conduct the executives procedures are significant which will guarantee the best possible youngster dental specialist relationship just as giving appropriate consideration. So the point of this investigation was to survey the perspectives of guardians towards various conduct the board methods utilized in pediatric dentistry. Materials and techniques: 40 Parents were arbitrarily chosen from the division of pedodontics and preventive dentistry after the institutional advisory group moral endorsement. (KA/PD-06/2013) The consideration rules was concluded which were, Parents of youngsters with age 4-15 years with no past dental history, Parents who are eager to take an interest and ready to see and comprehend the tape and Parents of all financial status independent of their age, sexual orientation, pay, instructive status, and occupation. An ace video tape of different 9 conduct the board strategies was made utilizing the product windows film producer v3.6. the conduct the board procedures utilized were: (1.) Tell Show Do, (2.) Modeling, (3.) Positive fortification, (4.) Distraction, (5.) Voice control, (6.) Hand over mouth work out, (7.) physical limit, (8.) cognizant sedation and (9.) General Anesthesia. All the conduct the board strategies which were appeared in the ace video tape were recorded in the division of pedodontics and preventive dentistry. Prior to every conduct the executives, it was clarified. The ace video tape was affirmed by four pedodontist having over 10 years of experience. The procedures were introduced in indistinguishable arrangement to all guardians from follows: The video tape was 8 minutes in length span with every strategy portraying 20-30 seconds. In the wake of observing every conduct the board procedure guardians were approached to offer the input. The appraisal structure was filled by the guardians contained the names of the methods with two parameters of the visual simple scale: Acceptable㠯⠁å , Not acceptable㠯⠁å' Tape was anticipated utilizing a PC/projector in the parent advising room.() The subjects were approached to check their sentiment by utilizing a vertical imprint onto à ¯Ã¢ Ã¥ or à ¯Ã¢ Ã¥' Following every strategy Results: As indicated by information examination, the encouraging feedback was the most satisfactory procedure that was acknowledged by 37 guardians (92.5%). The least worthy method was hand over mouth practice and physical control that was acknowledged by just 5 guardians (12.5%). The acknowledgment of different other conduct the executives procedures was in following order.(table 1) a similar outcome is appeared in the accompanying bar chart. (figure 3) Conversation: In the previous years, different investigations were led with respect to the parental acknowledgment of different conduct the board procedures by Murphy et al, Lawrence et al, Frankel, ; Havelka et al.; Scott and Garcã ­a-Godoy; Eaton et al, Elango et al. As per this examination, the most satisfactory procedures are uplifting feedback (92.5%) and tell show do (87.5%). These discoveries are in relationship with past investigation done by Murphy et al. The purpose behind the most noteworthy rating of uplifting feedback and tell show do method might be the parent requesting for the more youngster well disposed conduct that will rouse the kid for future dental treatment. Additionally in Murphy's investigation, it was demonstrated that the sedation and general sedation was least worthy by guardians. (Murphy MG, Fields HW Jr, Machen JB. Parental acknowledgment of pediatric conduct the board methods. Pediatr Dent 1984;6:193㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ8.) But in our examination, General sedation and cognizant sedation both wer

Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contextual analysis - Research Paper Example District, Western Walsh County, Grand Forks, Pembina, Cass County and Williams among the regions and regions that have just gotten flood admonitions from National Weather Service in 2010 (NWS Report, 2010). In reality, the â€Å"heavy winter blizzards in 1997 prompted huge spring flooding along the Red River in this way bringing about movement and uprooting of more than (10%) citizens† in North Dakota. This not just hampered the financial development in view of an abrupt seize in business exercises yet additionally upset the general public on the loose. It is advantageous to make reference to that the money related weight must be consumed by US government, which started the transition to guarantee repayment of inside uprooted people (IDPs) in North Dakota with the help of International government assistance offices, Non-administrative and Inter legislative associations. A portion of the instances of flood related organizations incorporate Red Cross, The Salvation Army, FEMA, North Dakota Department of Emergency Services, National Weather Service and others and so forth (Edward, 2000). It must be featured that North Dakota has just watched serious tempests and flooding in March 2009 followed by late flooding in March and April 2010 that thus have expanded weakness of occupants of this state. Truth be told, inhabitants of influenced districts and territories are left with no other alternative yet to move to more secure spots. This paper is an endeavor to feature the effect of catastrophic events explicitly on Cass County of North Dakota state. The paper will at that point toss light over the contention that weakness is by all accounts diminishing in Cass County on the grounds that the specialists have estimated danger of just 1.4 out 10 in this specific territory. What's more, the paper will likewise talk about any conceivable financial impacts of flooding on Cass County and reach inferences in the wake of breaking down the most recent accessible data and realities. At long last, the paper will wind up with a forecast about Cass County’s weakness and its future that will be upheld by

Essay Topics About Al Gore - How to Write a Great Essay About Him

Essay Topics About Al Gore - How to Write a Great Essay About HimWriting an essay about Al Gore is not that difficult if you know what you're doing. Although writing a paper on this topic is quite a challenge, you can do it, and many people have managed to do it. In fact, he's the 'hero' of many essays, so the more writing you do on this topic, the more popular he is among students.In order to make your essay topics about Al Gore a success, you must first tell him how to be his hero. This means that you need to know what qualities he has. It would be best if you read a biography of him. But if you're not the greatest at reading biographies, then you might want to buy a biography that is already written by some people who have researched this subject.Do you know why he's a very interesting subject for writing essays? You might wonder. Well, if you're interested in biographies, you probably know that his father was a political activist. He went on to become Vice President of the United States, which is basically a position of leadership. Being in the public eye is always a good idea to get more information on your topic.Al Gore's political activism and his career path probably inspired many other individuals who followed in his footsteps. As such, the person writing the essay should take note of this fact and tell Gore that they are going to use him as an example of how to make a difference in their lives.This will not only tell him how to make a difference in his life, but it will also show him that it is possible to have a lot of influence over a lot of people. The key here is to keep the message direct and clear, and not make the student's topic too long. It should not be as long as an encyclopedia-based lecture. Just keep it short and succinct.Writing essay topics about Al Gore can be quite time consuming, and a lot of research can also be required. It will also be an important part of the class and should be well thought out. Remember, the students who have done this kind of writing before are probably more experienced than you are. So make sure that you do a good job. They'll tell you so if you ask.One way to improve your essay topics is to do research. If you do this, then you will be able to provide the correct information about Al Gore to your reader. These two elements are very important, so you may want to check your sources. If you don't know where to find them, you can go to Google, or you can ask your professor.The best thing to do is to get factual information and write about it. Once the information is available, you can then begin to weave your theme together with the facts. Your work will come out much better, and this will in turn increase your chances of getting your essay about Al Gore accepted for this class.

Social Criticism in A Dolls House and Look Back in Anger - Literature Essay Samples

The term social criticism refers to a type of condemnation that reveals the reasons for malicious conditions in a society which is considered deeply flawed. Indeed, both Ibsen and Osborne, in their respective plays A Doll’s House and Look Back in Anger, use theater as a means of voicing their opinions on the imperfections of their societies, and the crippling effects these flaws will inevitably cause. The plays corresponding protagonists Jimmy Porter and Nora Helmer are presented as â€Å"realistic human individuals† through the literary genre of social realism, which, as George Shi accurately expressed, unveils the â€Å"the ugly realities of contemporary life.† Nora is presented as the epitome of a nineteenth century Norwegian wife, â€Å"An Angel in the House,† enslaved by marriage in order to submissively adhere to the needs of her husband and children, while trapped within a household of chauvinism. The title â€Å"A Doll’s House acts as a metaphor for Nora’s confinement and lack of humanitarian rights within the patriarchal society of 1870’ Norway. Social criticism is effectively conveyed through Nora’s treatment as â€Å"a doll,† â€Å"a child,† and a â€Å"silly little girl,† and is further reinforced through the diminutive, misogynistic simile â€Å"just like a woman.† Yet, Nora’s dramatic â€Å"door slamming† climax taints her title as a â€Å"realistic human individual,† as her ephiphanic moment of anagnorisis could be deemed as too bold and unrealistic for the masculine sphere of 1870’s Norway. In contrast, the statement that Jimmy Porter is â€Å"little more than a mouthpiece for the playwrights protest against society† can only be deemed totally and irrevocably unjust. Jimmy’s raw passion that â€Å"permeated British Culture in thousands of ways† (Aleks Sierz) exemplifies him as a â€Å"realistic human individual,† effectively conveying social criticism of 1950’s Britain, in utter contrast to Nora’s atypical actions. On the other hand, one could argue that Ibsen effectively conveys social criticism of the discriminatory treatment of women in A Doll’s House, through Nora’s initial introduction in Act One. Due to Nora’s lack of autonomy, she is forced to embody the faà §ade of a metaphorically â€Å"featherbrained† female, and the alliterative, onomatopoeic, sensory detail of her â€Å"happy humming† is suggestive of her enforced pretense. Ibsen effectively presents Nora as a â€Å"realistic huma n individual,† as women were expected to be socially, politically, and economically dependent on men. Furthermore, Ibsen uses Nora to convey social criticism, as he reveals that Nora was situated in an â€Å"exclusively male society with laws drafted by men and with counsel and judges who judge feminine conduct from the male point of view.† Nora was very much trapped under the cruel misogyny of society, as like other women she was deemed to possess no reason or logic. For this reason, women did not gain the right to a university education until three years after the first performance of A Doll’s House in 1879. Ibsen presents Nora’s estrangement from the possibilities of the outside world, as she is confined to â€Å"Helmer’s Apartment† throughout the entire play. This domesticated setting, as well as the abundant use of the visual metaphor â€Å"doors,† serves as a symbol for Nora’s utter lack of autonomy. Thus, Ibsen’s s omewhat flawed portrayal of Nora as a â€Å"realistic human individual† in the patriarchal society of nineteenth-century Norway is nonetheless an effective demonstration of social criticism. Similarly, Osborne reveals his social criticism immediately in Look Back in Anger through the shabby setting of the couple’s simplistic and isolated â€Å"one-room flat.† The oppressive environment, reinforced by the â€Å"smoke filled room,† creates a stifling atmosphere for conflict, whilst the smoke also serves as a symbol for Jimmy’s inability to seek clarity and contentment within 1950’s class divisions. Although there are three windows mentioned in the description of the â€Å"Mid-land flat,† they prove to be a metaphor for Jimmy and Alison’s inertia, as they simply fail to function. Instead of serving as an outlet for elemental exposure, two windows are â€Å"covered by a large oak dressing table,† whilst the other â€Å"looks out onto the landing,† revealing Osborne’s criticism of the immobility the working class of 1950’s Britain. Jimmy and Alison are simply â€Å"boxed† away in an attic, rev ealing a complementary social criticism of the ignorance of the upper echelons of society towards the working class. Members of the latter are treated as though they are a complete humiliation. Furthermore, Osborne’s stage directions cleverly present Jimmy’s paradoxical nature as a â€Å"realistic human individual† through repetitive oxymorons, â€Å"a disconcerting mixture of sincerity and cheerful malice†¦tenderness and free-booting cruelty.† Thus, Jimmy must be more than just a â€Å"mouthpiece for the writer,† as Osborne goes to great lengths to reveal social realism and criticism through his personalized characterization. The play was in fact the crucible in which the idea of â€Å"Angry Young Men† was forged: a group of mostly working and middle class British playwrights and novelists who became prominent in the 1950’s for their disillusionment with British culture. Like Osborne himself, Jimmy was a member of the â€Å"Non-U intelligentsia† who possessed a potent intelligence, as exposed through the metaphor â€Å"jungle of newspapers† and repetitive references to T.S Eliot, who ironically was the author of â€Å"The Wasteland.† In this poem, T.S Eliot reveals how he survived â€Å"never living, nor dead,† an idea which simply echoes the cyclical existence of Jimmy. Furthermore, Osborne divulges social criticism on the indolence of 1950’s Britain, through Jimmy’s deep desire for â€Å"a little ordinary human enthusiasm,† which he reveals through his powerful yet rambling monologues. A sense of nihilism is created due to the social criticism of Jimmy’s position in the downtrodden classes of society, as like Nora he is ultimately limited by his identity, rendering him a victim of post-war torpor. However, one could also argue that Osborne’s initial description of Jimmy emphasizes his a mbiguity, projecting him as â€Å"nothing more than a mouthpiece.† Thus, he is simply a character of antithesis, somewhat true to life but lacking the credibility needed to be declared socially realistic in all respects. Contrastingly, Ibsen’s portrayal of Nora presents her merely as a â€Å"mouthpiece† for his opinions, and not as a largely though not completely realistic human individual, like Jimmy. Nora’s opinionated sentiments, outlandish courage and climatic confrontation provided Ibsen with a platform from which he could critique the ills of nineteenth-century Norway, but not necessarily in a socially realistic manner. Ibsen’s social criticism can be seen through Nora’s projection of the law as â€Å"a fool† because â€Å"it’s not interested in reasons,† and diagnosis of society as a metaphorical â€Å"nursing home.† She is simply a â€Å"mouthpiece† for Ibsen, as the tragic reality is that women had such few rights, that their opinions were overlooked. Torvald undervalues and dehumanizes Nora, labeling her as a diminutive and metaphorical â€Å"little featherbrain.† The repetitive, derogatory language and birdy image ry â€Å"little songbird† allows him to appear powerful, in contrast to the powerless Nora. Nora does eventually transform into a new independent woman of Norway, although Ibsen uses Nora’s psychological development as a means of conveying his own social criticism on Norway’s misogynistic society. Realistically, Nora should have been detained by the philosophies of a docile, submissive female, yet because Ibsen labelled himself as a â€Å"humanist writer,† his social criticism was forced onto the character of Nora, creating an unrealistic set of circumstances. This statement is further reinforced by Nora’s famous epiphany, â€Å"first of all, I am a human being,† projecting her as a â€Å"mouthpiece† for Ibsen’s struggle for sexual equality. However, one could argue that for the romanticized nineteenth century A Doll’s House was very much a true representation of society, in comparison to the typical â€Å"Scibbean Play s† which had taken over Norwegian theatre. Osborne’s own social criticism was so successful that Look Back in Anger proved to be an icon of British Theatre, leading to the popularization of the term â€Å"Kitchen Sink Drama,† a type of writing which sought to critique social inequality in a manner which had never before been attempted on stage. Jimmy Porter was more than just a â€Å"mouthpiece† for Osborne, as by the end of the 1950’s the â€Å"Kitchen Sink Drama† had become an established theatrical genre. However, one could argue that Jimmy is much too â€Å"full of fire,† to be a realistic human individual, as seen through the eccentric stage directions, such as â€Å"banging his breast theatrically.† Jimmy’s interactions with Alison present him as scathing and satirical, while he understands her as a â€Å"delicious sloth† and critiques her lack of enthusiasm, suggesting, â€Å"why don’t we have a little game? Let’s pretend that we’re hu man beings and we’re actually alive.† Unlike Ibsen, who had been accused of being a â€Å"feminist writer,† Osborne filled Look Back in Anger with language of misogyny, exemplified through the plosive, profane language of â€Å"stupid bitch,† violent metaphors such as â€Å"butchered by the women,† and the wordplay of â€Å"White Women’s Burden.† Jimmy’s antagonism reveals Osborne’s social criticism of women, who had gained their right to vote, which many middle-class men struggled to accept. Jimmy deems Alison â€Å"pusillanimous,† criticizing her for her cyclical existence through litany, â€Å"always (doing) the same ritual. Reading the papers, drinking tea, ironing.† Yet, the irony is that Jimmy is a total hypocrite who fails to find an emotional outlet for his left-wing passion, instead forcing Alison and Cliff to endure his abuse. One could say that the strong biographical links between Jimmy and Osbor ne are what justify Jimmy as a â€Å"realistic human individual,† acting as Osborne’s pedestal for social criticism. In fact, The Times revealed that Jimmy was â€Å"the spokesperson for the younger generation,† and due to his abundant similarities with Osborne, he is much more than just a â€Å"mouthpiece.† Jimmy nostalgically revealed that watching his father die taught him at an early age â€Å"what it was like to be angry angry and helpless.† In stark similarity to Osborne, Jimmy is an â€Å"angry young man,† one who struggles with the slothfulness of society, presenting him as an accurate embodiment of the playwright’s social criticism. Ultimately, social criticism is presented effectively in the depictions of both Nora Helmer and Jimmy Porter as â€Å"realistic human individuals.† Both characters do possess certain unrealistic traits, such as Nora’s idealistic rebellion and Jimmy’s ranting monologues, yet there are times when they transcend being â€Å"mouthpieces for their writers† even though they may have other artistic flaws and inconsistencies. Ibsen was perhaps too focused on Nora as a fictional character, and thus her actions were too unconventional to make her a realistic human individual. Whereas, in juxtaposition to Ibsen, Osborne was led by his interest in social criticism to create a protagonist who is much more believable. Thus, Osborne’s play could be deemed the more satisfying work of social realism, even if the conclusion is much less satisfying for the modern day reader.

Wishes for sons Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Today, one only realizes the worth of his relations when it is too late. The damage is already done. These days, children abandon their own parents and arrogantly accusing them for not providing sufficient comfort. To this, the poet tastefully yet honestly adds: let them think they have accepted arrogance in the universe, then bring them to gynecologists not unlike themselves. As though coming right through her heart, the speaker recalls the arrogant gynecologists who are trained to control their emotions because of the kind of substance they have to constantly deal with. The mother wishes that her conceited child is compelled to encounter these professionals, who would teach him a lesson in mannerism.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, I remember how stubborn I was. Being the youngest in the family was not so easy for me. I wanted to pretend I was the eldest and fought with my sisters all the time. Nobody took care of it so I took it for granted and ended up talking to my parents likewise. I argued with them, resisted my mother’s friendliness with me and shouted at them when I did not want to have dinner with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Wishes for sons or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now What still surprises me, is the kindness they showed towards me, to teach me how bad it was to be mulish all the time. I still feel I have not been able to make an apology to them rightfully. I came across a true story that brought about a significant change in my life. It was about a grownup boy, Willie who belonged to a decent family. But he ran with dangerous gangsters and always cursed the missionaries. His mother never spoke ill of him. His family praised him for his strengths. He would slam the door behind him and never prayed. His mother, however, turned to the missionaries and prayed silently, the ray of hope never losing her sight. Eventually he became a gentleman and married a stake president’s daughter who was raised her entire life in a gospel. His mother always said that heaven would not be heaven without her son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lucille Clifton wrote this poem towards the end of the twentieth cent ury, the modern age. It is for this reason that we find  Wishes for Sons  to have resonance to our times. This is the postmodern era, where the concepts of family and relations have almost died. Modern age saw the rise of materialism and industrialization. World Wars had caused enough damage to human mind and a new world was in the making. Children of today, fail to achieve the essence of life that probably came naturally their forefathers. Today, the communication gap has grown even wider because the media has taken over the roles of the parents.

Essay on Fraud, Waste and Abuse Research Project - 3181 Words

Fraud, Waste and Abuse Research Project Combating fraud in the private sector is a difficult task. Trying to combat fraud in the public sector is daunting. In 1999 15.7% of the American workforce were employed by a government entity (federal, state, and local).[1] Mirroring society, government will have its share of perpetrators. The difference from the private sector is in the scope of the fraud committed, the loss of the public trust, the blaring headlines from news media, and difficulty in making necessary changes to combat the problems. A good definition of Fraud, Waste and Abuse (FWA) can be found in U.S. Air Force Regulations and can be applied to any government (or private) organization, it states: Fraud—â€Å"Any†¦show more content†¦Everyone has seen news headlines when someone is caught in a multi-million dollar scam. The public takes note when the government spends $400 on a single hammer or $660 on a toilet seat.[4] But what about Joe M. Ployee who takes a few pens or pencils or other office supplies home from his job at the Department of Labor? Or the city engineer who runs personal errand in his government vehicle during work hours? It is possible that these employees didn’t know they were committing FWA. Education about these transgressions must be an essential part of any training for public employees, elected, appointed or hired. Waste All organizations strive to streamline operations, which in turn should lead to saving money. Fighting the wasting of resources should be a top priority for any government entity and particularly for supervisors, managers, and executives. In the public sector this is particularly true because the citizens in effect supply the resources wasted. The public trust should not be abused by careless or needless spending. However, because of the bureaucratic nature of any government agency, some waste cannot readily be avoided. The laws and regulations that have been duly enacted to secure justified expenditures in and of themselves can cause waste. Several examples of waste can be found at theShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Using Predictive Analytics Software1098 Words   |  5 Pagesanalytics software to flag likely instances of reimbursement fraud before claims are paid. The Fraud Prevention System helps identify the highest risk health care providers for fraud, waste and abuse in real time, and has already stopped, prevented or identified $115 million in fraudulent payments—saving $3 for every $1 spent in the program’s first year. †¢ During the most violent years of the war in Afghanistan, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) deployed teams of data scientists and visualizersRead MoreBenefits Of Using Predictive Analytics Software1097 Words   |  5 Pagesanalytics software to flag likely instances of reimbursement fraud before claims are paid. The Fraud Prevention System helps identify the highest risk health care providers for fraud, waste and abuse in real time, and has already stopped, prevented or identified $115 million in fraudulent payments—saving $3 for every $1 spent in the program’s first year. †¢ During the most violent years of the war in Afghanistan, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) deployed teams of data scientists and visualizersRead MoreCase Study : New Healthcare Security Systems1350 Words   |  6 Pagesare several companies around that have created new healthcare security systems. A company that I recently researched is General Dynamics IT, with a product called STARSSolutions Suite. The STARSSolution Suite product applies to healthcare fraud, waste and abuse (FWA). FWA is a continuing concern in healthcare because of the large quantity of money that is claimed yearly. This product contains four key solutions that would assist a healthcare provider including STARSInterceptor, STARSSentinel, STARSInformantRead MoreChallenges Faced With Big Data1731 Words   |  7 Pagestime-consuming to process, operators must decide whether it is more cost effective to let them run continuously or only capture selective images or scenes. In order to get actionable knowledge, big data must be filtered that is a major challenge. Also research must be done on how to intelligently filter raw data acquired from different sources without missing useful information. Generation of right metadata (data about data) is also a challenging task because it is the metadata that describes data andRead MoreHealth Care Fraud and Abuse1918 Words   |  8 Pages| | |Health Care Fraud and Abuse | | | | Read More NASA Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pagesindependent agency to direct the nation’s space missions and research programs. Over the past 45 years, since its inception, NASA has experienced many problems and has received recent negative publicity. NASA has had longstanding managerial problems on the inside and with outside contractors. They have also failed to estimate costs and have conducted projects well beyond what their budget dictates. An example of that would be with the failed X-33 project, among others. This analysis will explore these areasRead MoreMicrosofts Corporate Social Responsibility And The Initiatives1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmade available in 19 different languages. In 2014, the training was available in 17 different languages only. To avoid any compliance breaches, Microsoft has set up the Office of Legal Compliance with around 100 officers, in addition to outsourcing fraud examination to lawyers.What good are policies and procedures, if there are no controls to monitor and enforce them? Microsoft has established a strong internal control policy to reduce the risk of litigation, non-compliance, unethical behaviors. ReportingRead MoreEssay about Drug Testing Welfare Recipients1518 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern of lawmakers is the substance abuse and dependency among welfare recipients. In an effort to identify illegal drug use amongst this population, lawmakers have proposed the use of chemical testing (Pollack, Danzinger, Rukmalie, Seefeldt, 2002). In Missouri this procedure is already in effect. In July of 2011, Governor Jay Nixon signed the bill into law. The repercussions for testing positive or refusing to test and/or failure to complete a substance abuse program will cause the recipient toRead MoreCrim inal Justice As An Adjunct Professor At The Nevada Air National Guard Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesPolicy B.A. 1978 Cal State University, Sacramento Criminal Justice Senior Management Institute for Police, Police Executive Research Forum, 1992 FBI National Academy, Quantico, Virginia, 1992 Nevada Peace Officer Standards and Training Certification: Executive Certificate AWARDS: Gary P. Hayes Leadership Award (1995) Conferred by the Police Executive Research Forum for contributions and leadership in the policing field. Outstanding Alumni Award (1994) Conferred by the University of NevadaRead MoreDeveloping Highly Scalable And Autonomic Data Management Systems Associated With Programming Models For Processing Big Data Essay2231 Words   |  9 PagesIII. RELATED WORK Provide an approach for research efforts towards developing highly scalable and autonomic data management systems associated with programming models for processing Big Data. Aspects of such systems should address challenges related to data analysis algorithms, real-time processing and visualisation, context awareness, data management and performance and scalability, correlation and causality and to some extent, distributed storage [1]. Provide an approach for framework for evaluating

Cold War - The U2 Incident Essay - 901 Words

Cold War - The U2 Incident After WWII, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union began to increase. This period of time is referred to as the Cold War which â€Å"begins in 1945 with the Yalta conference and ends in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.† The United States and the Soviet Union both greatly distrusted the other and feared the nuclear power that they both had during this time. One incident that illustrates this distrust is commonly referred to as the U-2 incident of May 1, 19960, in which an American U-2 spy plane was shot down in Soviet controlled airspace and captured by the Soviets. This single incident is said to have been a â€Å"disastrous setback to the reduction of international tension.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Approaching Sverdlovsk, site of an air base, Powers activated his cameras. As he flew over the airfield, the plane suddenly bucked violently then went into a spin. Thrown sideways, Powers could not reach his eject or destruct butt ons so he bailed out. He was soon captured but did not swallow the poison capsule with which he had been provided for use in the event of his being tortured – which he was not. Powers was imprisoned by the Soviets for a year and a half until he was exchanged for an important Soviet spy, Rudolph Abel, and returned to his country. The United States response began as a total cover-up and progressed through many versions of the facts. After the plane was shot down, the United States’ first announcement was that an â€Å"unarmed weather research plane based at Adana, Turkey, and piloted by a civilian American† was missing. First the government stated that the pilot was a civilian employee of the Lockheed corporation flying a U-2 plane chartered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. On May 7 the State Department announced that the plane was an unarmed civilian U-2 collecting intelligence and blamed the Soviet Union’s â€Å"excessive secrecy† for our need to spy on them. In a news conference statement by President Eisenhower on May 11, he lists four points: (1) intelligence-gathering activities are needed; (2) intelligenceShow MoreRelatedSurveillance Technology And The Cold War1061 Words   |  5 Pages Zach Bemben Literature of War Mrs. Rozema 11/6/17 Surveillance Technology and the Cold War Introduction and Thesis Hook: â€Å"In 1945, one major war ended and another began.†(Ushistory.org) Thesis: In the Cold War through the creation and improvement of surveillance technology such as satellite surveillance, nuclear submarines, and surveillance aircraft to give superior intelligence while being totally undetected or invulnerable from the enemy. Background paragraph â€Å"There were no direct military campaignsRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War1378 Words   |  6 Pagesoccurred in 1963 in a setting that was the high point of tension in the Cold War. The most significant background cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the underlying cold war ideology of capitalism vs communism. This was dramatically increased by the second key cause, a series of events that quickly built tensions between the super powers from 1959 such as the U2 incident, JFK’s response to the Berlin Wall, and the Bay of Pigs incident. The third cause was the relationship between the leaders KhrushchevRead MoreOn The Dawn Of October 16Th, 1962, Began A 13-Day Standoff1196 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) resulted in the closest the world has ever been to all-out nuclear war. This essay will talk about the initial weaponization of nuclear power, the events that led up to the missile cris is, the thirteen days the missile crisis took place and the measures taken to stop nuclear war. On August 6th, 1945, the world got their first look at the sheer power and destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Los Alamos, New MexicoRead MoreOn The Dawn Of October 16Th 1962 Began A 13 Day Standoff1196 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) resulted in the closest the world has ever been to all-out nuclear war. This essay will talk about the initial weaponization of nuclear power, the events that led up to the missile crisis, the thirteen days the missile crisis took place and the measures taken to stop nuclear war. On August 6th 1945 the world got their first look at the sheer power and destruction atomic weapons were capable of. Los Alamos, New Mexico wasRead MoreThe Cold War was the perpetual rivalry that took place between the Soviet Union and The United600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cold War was the perpetual rivalry that took place between the Soviet Union and The United States. The war was called the Cold War because no direct fighting took place between America and Russia. Instead, it was a war of words and threats. It was an ideological war based on ideas of communism and capitalism. The war never fully escalated because both powers knew that use of nuclear weapons would be disastrous, although, there was a nuclear arms escalation between both sides. The Truman DoctrineRead MoreHow Far Did Peaceful Coexistence Ease Cold War Tensions Between the Soviet Union and the Usa in the Years 19531008 Words   |  5 PagesHow far did peaceful coexistence ease cold war tensions between the Soviet Union and the USA in the years 1953-61? In the years 1953-61 some might say that the cold war tensions were eased by peaceful coexistence, with super power negotiations and key agreements paving the way for better relations. Despite this, the stronger argument suggests that ultimately, cold war tensions were not eased, the cold war continued for another 30 years. This was due to failure to negotiate anything of substanceRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : A Code Of Honor1373 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the documents above is from the Manhattan project, documenting the development of the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb was created to try and stop the World War Two. The people of the United States greatly did not want to use the bomb to end the war. The American citizens, and their government, did not know the rule of Bushido. Bushido is a code of honor in the culture of the Japanese. It bans all possible situations to dishonor one s self or the family of the same person. The person who wroteRead MoreWhy USA Became Involved in Vietnam Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesWhy USA Became Involved in Vietnam Before the Second World War, the region between India and China which now includes Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos was part of the French Empire. During the Second World War, however, Japan controlled Vietnam. After the war, the French tried to take over again but a communist group, the Vietminh wanted independence. During this war of independence the USA became involved as well. This essay will look at the reasons of why they did. Read MoreEisenhower/Truman Doctrine Study Guide Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesEisenhower/ Truman Study Guide The questions cover Chapters 5, 6, and 7 from the Cold War book- Pearson, and Ch. 12, 16, and 17 and pages 150-161 from the Todd book. All of these sections were assigned and questions were asked in class covering most of the readings. 1. What was the difference between Cominform and COMECOM? Cominform: Communist Information Bureau (September 1947) created as an instrument to increase Stalin’s control over the Communist parties of other countries. COMECOM:Read MoreKhrushchev Genuinely committed to peaceful coexistence1073 Words   |  5 Pagesaggression  after  the  U2  spy  plane  incident  of  1960  and  the  gamble  with   peace   over   the   Berlin    wall   in   1961   and   Cuba   in   1962   suggest   his   commitment  to  peaceful  coexistence   was   not    genuine,   but   a   delay   tactic   until   opportunities  to  show   the   USSR   system   was   superior   to   capitalism   arose.   Khrushchev  was  committed  to   something   more   along  the   lines  of  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpeaceful  competition’  whereby  the  soviet   union  could  gain   an  economic   and   without   the   need   for   a  hot  war,   rather  than  peaceful  co ­existence  where

Pretrial Diversion Programs - 919 Words

Pretrial Diversion Programs In the United States, over 90,000 juveniles are incarcerated in juvenile justice facilities. To house 90,000 juveniles, majority non-violent offenders, it costs the states roughly 5.7 billion dollars annually. â€Å"With states facing serious budgetary constraints, it is an opportune time or policymakers to consider ways to reduce juvenile justice spending that won’t compromise public safety.† In the effort to reduce juvenile justice costs, community-based programs known as pretrial diversion programs were implemented. Pretrial diversion programs did not only reduce funding costs, but benefited the juvenile as well. Pretrial diversion programs main objective is to rehabilitate juvenile offenders, which ultimately led to lower recidivism rates and safer communities. As a result of the benefits to all parties involved, today’s juvenile judicial system offers more juveniles the opportunity to attend these diversion programs; rather than proceed through traditional c riminal justice processes. (Justice Policy Institution) I was able to attend an arraignment hearing for the juvenile court system in Broward County, Florida. The courtroom was filled to capacity; over a hundred juveniles were on the docket for this particular day. A few juveniles dressed in orange jumpsuits and shackles were seated were a â€Å"jury box† is typically located. While the remaining juveniles sat behind the prosecuting table. As the docket numbers were called, the juvenilesShow MoreRelatedPretrial Release and Diversion Programs918 Words   |  4 PagesRelease and Diversion Pretrial release and diversion programs are meant to handle defendants prior to them standing trial. Pretrial release and diversion programs developed to deal with jail overcrowding because jails simply could not handle the number of defendants that were incarcerated prior to trial. There are four types of diversion programs: diversion from arrest, diversion from prosecution, diversion from jail, and diversion from imprisonment. The goal of pretrial release and diversion is toRead MoreThe Benefits Of Pretrial Diversion By Jerome D. Taylor IIi1031 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Pretrial Diversion Jerome D. Taylor III Western Kentucky University Abstract There are many benefits for jail diversionary programs in the state of Kentucky. Nonviolent offenders, family members, judicial systems, and the jails can benefit from keeping these people out of jail and in society. I was surprised to find, during my research very few negatives to these programs around the country. Key Words Incarceration: Confinement in a jail or prison. (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionaryRead MoreEntry Into The Court System, By Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, And David Mueller1726 Words   |  7 Pagesto reflect on was chapter three,† Entry into the Court System† from the book â€Å"Criminal Justice Case Briefs, Significant Cases in Juvenile Justice† by Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, and David Mueller. I chose to write about the process of the pretrial or â€Å"intake† phase because it has not been determined by the Supreme Court as critical in juvenile proceedings. Consequently juveniles do not have the right to be represented by counsel during this meeting and if they chose to participate, any statementsRead MoreCorrections Current Trends846 Words   |  4 Pagestheir crime. Pretrial diversion is a good system for offenders who are not constant offenders, for instance here in Odessa TX they have what I would call a pretrial diversion program which is called teen court and in teen court offenders for let’s say theft well instead of it going down in the records they chose to do some community service and avoid trial and a criminal record but this type of program is only offered to teens. For those who have the option of pretrial diversion it is a prettyRead MoreToday s Criminal Justice Over The Past Few Decades1307 Words   |  6 Pagessentencing options and those that are more enforced by probation officials. The sanctions include Pretrial Diversion, Fines, Community Service, Restitution, Treatment Centers, Intensive supervision, House Arrest/E-monitoring, and Shock incarceration. Pretrial diversion usually targets petty offenders that are in possession of drugs and first-time offenders. Criminals who is selected for pretrial diversion enters into an agreement with the District (local), State or U.S. (federal) attorney s officeRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The Criminal Justice System Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthis forces judges to hurry prosecutors along with trials. In some cases a judge may have no option but to impose the appropriate penalty in which the law requires. During the panel interview Warden Stevenson proposes the idea of rehabilitation programs. Governor Warner backs up the warden’s statements by adding that changes and a development plan should be implemented quickly. When felons are given minimum sentences more room becomes available in the system for felons who have committed moreRead MoreRape And Burglary As A Post Incarceration Supervision1730 Words   |  7 Pagesreductions retroactive. In addition, it would also make the Fair Sentencing Act pf 2010 retroactive, expand the safety valve exception for drug mandatory minimum sentences and allow many federal prisoners to earn time credits for completing rehabilitation programs while they are in prison. Unfortunately, this bill has not been introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives (FAMM, 2016). Section 101 reduces the three-strike penalty is reduced from life in prison to 25 years and the 20 year minimum to 15 yearsRead MoreAn Overview of Alternative Methods of Incarceration700 Words   |  3 Pages60; Probation .33)† (Piquero, 2010). There are a number of alternatives to prison and the following five will be addressed; (1) Faith-Based Rehabilitation Programs, (2) Residential Commu nity Corrections, (3) Diversionary Treatment Programs, (4) House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring, and (5) Ignition Interlocks. Faith-Based Rehabilitation Programs: A study by Grant Duwe, Ph.D. and Byron Johnson Ph.D. of Baylor Universities Institute for Studies of Religion (ISR) affirm that the cost-benefit analysisRead MoreThe Constitutional Rights Of The United States909 Words   |  4 Pagesinconveniences to friends and family; (2) they lack educational and vocation programs; and (3) female inmates are not separated and grouped by the seriousness of crime they have committed (e.g. violent offender is housed together with less violent offenders or the mentally ill) (p. 294). There are fewer correctional facilities for women in the United States as compared to those available for men, and assistant programs that are offered at the men’s prison are limited in women facilities. Clear etRead MoreThe Limits Of The Criminal Sanction Written By The Criminologist Scholar Herbert Packer Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasizes crime prevention and includes conservative values. An example of this is the b roken windows theory where is a good-fighting crime strategy and creates a better environment for the community and promoted the community to stay in active programs that focused on prevention and criminal activity. In the high-crime neighborhood areas, the police worked with the community. If a window was broken, then the owner of the window had to immediately replace it. If there was graffiti on the walls,

Equality And Social Inequality Of Class And Class Equality

Society is organized by hierarchies of class, race, and gender, which creates inequality and social divisions. (reference thoughtco) Social inequality affects the way we view other people, meaning that some people are treated better than others. (Wilson and pickett spirit level) This essay will be focusing on class and ethnic social divisions and how they highlight an unequal distribution of wealth, privilege and power. Unequal distribution can be seen in a variety of ways, such as income and wealth inequality for the working class, and unequal opportunities for ethnic minorities in the workplace. This essay will also be discussing how ethnic and class divisions interlink. Firstly, the sociological study of ethnic inequality highlights†¦show more content†¦This, therefore, shows an unequal distribution of wealth because ethnic minorities are unable to have the same jobs as white people. However, some sociologists believe that ethnic minorities aren’t always exposed to unequal opportunities. For example, ethnic discrimination can occur without any racist motive (Wrench, J 2015). To illustrate there is a type of discrimination called past in present discrimination, which is where patterns of inequality will persist over more than one generation, even if the current discrimination has been removed. Thus, employers may indirectly discriminate against ethnic minorities- it may not be a case of people seeing ethnic minorities as less powerful as white people. (reference, wrench) Additionally, some sociologists believe that black people may be able to minimize the negative impact of belonging to a disadvantaged racial group if they’re socially successful, as the source of employment inequalities isn’t due to ethnicity, instead its because of their socio-economic background (khattab) Secondly, the sociological study of class inequality highlights the unequal distribution of wealth, privilege and power. Payne (2007) views class as a hierarchy in which people â€Å"know their place†, (reference) and from a young age, working classShow MoreRelatedGap of Inequality Between Social Classes in the United States749 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article â€Å"Confronting Inequality†, Paul Krugman argues that the gap of inequality between social classes in the United States is growing because of self- interest. He cites a â€Å"movement conservative†, Irving Kristol, who claims income inequality is not important because there is social equality. Krugman uses Kristol’s statement as a starting position to state his own. Krugman describes the claim as being a â€Å"fantasy world† and not the â€Å"real America we live in† (Krugman 246). I agree with hisRead MoreHistory of Education Legislation in the UK1210 Words   |  5 Pagesprivil eged backgrounds the opportunity to attend school for free. This is clearly an education policy reducing social class inequality, as it is allowing those having no money being allowed to attend school without having to pay. A second piece of education policy that could be said to have a main aim of reducing social class inequality is The Education Act of 1944. Before this, only the middle class children could go to grammar schools and receive prestigious education due to the cost. However, The EducationRead MoreInequality in Social Classes1668 Words   |  7 Pagesliving in a society full of equality, where everyone would have the same income, house, and social class, in other words a ‘perfect’ world, free of competition, greed, classes, and more importantly inequality. Unfortunately, living in classless society falls under the category of a utopia, as long as greed exists in the heart of society, inequality and the division between classes is not going to end. As Mary Douglas once stated, â€Å"Inequality can have a bad downside, but equality, for its part, sure doesRead MoreA person’s orientation on a political issue, specifically domestic public policies, is based on1400 Words à ‚  |  6 Pagesposition or attitude towards the government system based on freedom in particular freedom from and freedom of as well as basing upon equality particularly equality of opportunity and equality of outcome. Liberals tend to choose equality of outcome, the government ensuring equality through services, on economic issues more so than conservatives who tend to chose equality of opportunity. Therefore, based on political ideology, a strong inference can be establish as to what a person tends to be, liberalRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Educational Institution964 Words   |  4 Pageswhile growing up. Since social class is determined in large part by education, the effects of education carry forward into the rest of each person’s life even after they’ve long left the institution itself (Roy, lecture 10). In his lecture on the institution, Professor Roy adds that education allows for a path to social mobility while also reproducing inequalities. This parad ox can be seen in both race and gender – albeit in varying degrees. Race is a perpetuated inequality in the educational institutionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era1108 Words   |  5 Pagesand led to social inequalities. Then the Progressive Era responded to the exploitation of the Gilded Age and reformed America economically, socially, and politically. The movements during the Progressive Age tremendously categorized presidential leadership while redrafting the economic and political systems to give social equality to working class. Although the Gilded Age enhanced American’s economic growth in the world, businessmen gained economic power to make workers suffered from social inequalityRead MoreSocial Inequality And Social Class Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesThe idea of social inequality dates back since the time of our founding fathers. 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Rocky IV Essay Example For Students

Rocky IV Essay In 1985, a movie was made that displayed the attitudes and fears that Americans had of the former Soviet Union. Although themovie had some flaws, it did closely represent the feelings of the era that was depicted. This paper intends to analyze and givethe proper credit that this movie and its actors deserve. East meets West when Rocky takes on a vicious Soviet fighter who literally killed his last opponent! Sylvester Stallone writes,directs, and stars in this war between nations in which the only battle is fought in a boxing ring. Rocky must defend his honor,his friend, and America itself. Rocky proudly holds the world heavyweight boxing championship, but a new challenger has stepped forward: Drago (Dolph Lundgren), a six-foot four-inch, 261-pound fighter who has the backing of theSoviet Union. Rockys friend, Apollo Creed (Carl Weathers) fights Drago in an exhibition match, but after Creeds fataldefeat, Rocky knows he must avenge his friend and beat the Soviet adversary. Rockys training regimen takes him to icySiberia, where he prepares for a globally-televised match in the heart of Moscow. Its a powerfully-charged event as Rockytakes on Drago in a heart-pounding fight to the finish. What makes this movie so great is that it captured our fears and hopes all at the same time. In a way, by watching this movie,we were in our own way fighting against our Russian advisories. As far as the historical accuracy goes, we must remember thatthis is just a movie. As with all the ROCKY movies, the boxing matches go on far longer than they would in real life. In thismovie, we saw the Soviet Training system as a finely regimented and scientific endeavor. According to Soviet sports trainingbooks I have read, the kinds of training depicted in the movie may very well be accurate. There are only two things that may bea stretch: The first is the use of sparring partners by Drago. The movie depicts Drago pummeling every one of his partners,sending them to the canvas spitting up blood. This, of course, doesnt happen in real life, sparring partners are partners notpunching bags. The second thing about Dragos training that is questionable is his use of steroids in the movie. Contrary topopular belief, this was not a wide spread practice and, in fact, it was condemned by the government. An y athlete who wascaught doing steroids, or any coach who distributed them, were eliminated from the sports program. Soviet scientists andtrainers knew that the use of steroids only provided a quick boost in strength, and that continued use of them would causeextensive injuries to the athlete. In short, the athlete would be injured so much that he would have been able to train harder andachieve maximum performance without the drugs. In the movies defense though, the scene is relevant in the context that we allthought the Soviets were taking superior drugs thus adding to our fear of them. This movie definitely displayed our thoughts and emotions dealing with the Cold War, right up to the very end. Our sentimentswere captured exactly when after the fight Rocky said, Tonight you had two people killing each otherbut I guess thats betterthan 20 million. If I can change and if you can changeeveryone can change. To be honest, the reason this is my favorite movie is because it of the way to pumps me up. After his friend, Apollo, dies, theemotions fly. I felt the tension and I saw the look in Rockys eyes. Every time I watch, the movie I almost cry (the part wherehe drives his car around and has flashbacks to him and Apollo being together). I love the part where he is all alone in theRussian home and I could see him train. I watch this movie (or Rocky V, or Over the Top) before football games and fastforward to the part when he goes to Russia to train. My favorite part of the movie (of course) is the final fight. Anyone who haswatched boxing knows its not very realistic, but t hat dont matter. The fact of the matter is this, Rocky takes a beating. Hefocus, and Drago gets checked into the Smackdown Hotel. .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .postImageUrl , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:hover , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:visited , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:active { border:0!important; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:active , .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9 .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a801e686eb8d3cca037f30508c0faf9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Edgar Allen Poe From Inside EssayIn conclusion, the movie served its purpose with the Cold War, but more importantly,

Jet engine Essay Example For Students

Jet engine Essay The Jet Engine and the Revolution in Leisure Air Travel, 1960-1975 Peter Lyth Air transport for European tourists got off to a shaky start in the late 1920s. 1But it was to be thirty years before leisure air travel was to appeal to anyone but the rich and adventurous. High cost, fear of flying and the absence of toilets in early airliners (an unfortunate combination) were the main deterrents; the unpressurized aircraft of the inter-war years were noisy, slow and not especially comfortable despite the efforts of some airlines to make aircraft cabins resemble the first-class state-rooms of an ocean liner. This changed fundamentally after 1958: with the introduction into airline service of the Boeing 707, the Douglas DC-8 and the de Havilland Comet 4, aircraft were capable of flying fast, high and with hitherto unknown smoothness. The jet age had arrived. This paper considers this age and its impact on tourism in the 1960s and 1970s. It argues that while the revolution in European leisure air travel that took place in these years was obviously the result of social and economic change (more disposable income, a greater propensity to take fore ign holidays and the entry of new capital into the independent airline industry), there was also a critical additional factor. Thiswas the breakthrough in transport technology represented by the jet engine and it is on this aeronautical artifact that the papers main focus will lie. I Technological change was crucial to the process of economic and social modernisation in both the 19thand 20thcenturies. New technologies of power generation, manufacturing, transport and communications changed the world and shrunk time and space. What is generally termed Fordism grew out of the mass production of automobiles to encompass a whole array of practices and institutions that now underpin modern Western society2. In the wake of Fordist mass production, a Fordist lifestyle of mass consumption set in after 1950 and this included the international tourist industry, the single largest and fastest-growing industry in the world3. The technological change that triggered and accompanied this explosion in tourist activity was the introduction of the jet engine. Indeed the jet engine has been as vital a part of social modernisation as mass tourism itself. The jet engines evolution and dominance in aerospace propulsion since 1950 is traditionally described in terms of the transfer of technology from military to civilian usage: the turbo-jet grew out of the Second World War and the preparation for it, and was later installed in civil transport aircraft. Certainly all the early jet engines were intended for military aircraft and, as one of the leading researchers in the field has pointed out, the development of turbo-jets is a striking example of the commercialization of military technology.4The point to be made here, however, is that the progression of jet engine use from military to commercial aircraft was not just a case of technological determinism; there is also a social dimension. International tourism became a mass industry in the 1960s because it became fast it became what o ne might term speed tourism (the qualities of which we will return to later) and it became fast because of jet aircraft. The theoretical background to this proposition lies in the idea of the social construction of technology pioneered by the sociologists Wiebe Bijker and Trevor Pinch. According to the social constructionist view, technological change is socially determined rather than technologically inevitable, in other words, it is social rather than technological processes that lead to a sole dominant meaning for a technical artifact. Initially a broad flexibility ofinterpretation will attach itself to a piece of technology let us say the jet engine but eventually, through action within the social and economic environment in which the artifact exists, a single meaning emerges5. The jet engine was conceived in an entirely military setting, its purpose was ill-________________________________________Page 22defined but seen more or less in terms of propelling fighter aircraft to higher speeds and altitudes. It was only in the late 1940s that the first engineers began to consider the possibility of commercial airliners being powered by jet engines and this was at a time when many scientists seriously doubted that human passengers would be able to withstand the strains of travelling at speeds in excess of 500 miles per hour. What changed the jet engines social environment was the advent of mass tourism in the late 1950s and 1960s, in particular the dramatic increase in foreign holidays taken by northern Europeans. Many Britons, for example, took their first holiday abroad at this time; and for the average working or lower-middle class Briton abroad was still an intimidating concept. The Inclusive Tour by air, promised direct travel to a beachside hotel on the Mediterranean, in what amounted to an hermetically-sealed tube, without the risk of encountering foreigners en route6. But the success of the sealed tube approach to travel depended on speed only a jet aircraft travelling at high speed could make such a journey tolerable. With the speed provided by jet engines, the level of passenger comfort on board commercial airliners was less important, individual passenger space could be reduced and more seats crammed into the cabin. This, in turn, led to economies in unit operating costs for airline. I want to suggest therefore that jet engines not only changed the speed and size of the international tourist industry, they also changed its cost and its nature. As it became faster, tourism became cheaper and moved down market. Indeed, it became cheaper because it became faster. When civil airliners were relatively slow in the early 1950s, with an average cruising speed of around 250 miles per hour, they had to be comfortable luxurious even. When they got faster, passenger comfort could safely be dispensed with. The revolution in international tourism brought about by the jet engine not only changed spatial relationships between tourist gene rating and recipient nations, it has also changed the travel experience itself. Tourists no longer crossed a landscape on route to their destination, the approach was no longer gradual, and there was no need for the slightest degree of acclimatisation. Instead instant departure was followed by instant arrival. The tourist overflew everything and remained ignorant and oblivious of what lay between his point of departure and his destination. This might have led to severe culture shock as the stark contrast between, for example, a suburb of Manchester and Palma de Majorca, sank in. But this seems not to have happened. The speed tourism born out of the jet engine imparts to the traveller a sense of superiority which makes acclimatisation unnecessary. Speed tourists arrive as masters overtheir destinations. The historian David Nye has noted of tourist destinations and landscapes that the tourist gaze is embedded in technological structure, so that the modern tourist exerts his or her ma stery over sites and makes them man-made; where the 19thcentury tourist gazed at Niagara Falls or an Alpine peak, and allowed himself to be uplifted by nature, the modern tourist looks at a landscape and thinks in terms of speed and immediacy: the strongest possible experience in a minimum oftime.7It is the argument of this paper that this sense of speed and immediacy, this sense of mastery over tourist destinations, originated with the jet engine. II Although the turbo-jet engine was proposed, in theory, by the British Royal Air Force officer Frank Whittle in a patent he took out in 1930, it was the German physicist Hans von Ohain who built and ran the first jet engine with the help of the Heinkel aircraft company in 1935 and flew the first jet plane in 1939. Broadly speaking, the Germans were ahead of the British up until the middle of the Second World War with both the Junkers and BMW firms developing engines. Whittles first engine, the W1, powered a jet aircraft in 1941. By the end of the war both Britain and Germany had operational jet fighters the Gloster Meteor with Rolls Royce Derwent engines and the Messerschmitt Me.262 with Junkers Jumo 004s. The German engines were more advanced in that they had axial-flow compressors,the technology that was to form the basis of post-war jet engine development. The Americans were behind the British and Germans but caught up after they secured a Whittle engine in 1941 and both the General Electric and Pratt Whitney companies were able to copy it8. After the war, with the Germans eliminated from all competition in engine and airframe manufacturing, ________________________________________Page 33the British tried to consolidate their advantage in jets. The problem was that although they led the Americans in engine construction, they were well behind the United States in airframe design. This weakness showed itself with tragic consequences when Britain flew the first commercial jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet 1, in 1952. The Comets short life ended with a series of crashes in 1954; it was not the beginning of the jet age as some Britons thought, but an unfortunate false start. The Comet was,of course, much faster than the fastest piston-engined airliners of the time the Lockheed Super Constellation and the Douglas DC-7C, with their complicated radial engines but it was too small (36 passengers) to represent anything approaching a vehicle for mass transport. The fulfilment of that task had to wait for another four years until the Boeing 707 entered service with Pan American Airways in 1958. The 707 the first big jet passenger aircraft was powered by the innovatory and highly successful Pratt ; Whitney JT.3C, which had undergone a long period of development in military aircraft as the J-57. In Britain, the Rolls Royce equivalent to the JT.3C was the Avon, which powered a number of military types in Europe as well as the Comet 4 and the French Caravelle twin-jet airliner. The problem with the first generation of axial-flow jet engines like the JT.3C and the Avon was that they were noisy and costly to operate. Direct operating costs for advanced piston-engined passenger aircraft like the DC-7C had fallen to a point where they were close one US cent per seat-mile in the late1950s and initially jet airliners were unable to compete with this, although their total unit costs were less because the much greater capacity of the 707 and its Douglas equivalent, the DC-8. What changedthis, and brought the real commercial breakthrough for jet passenger aircraft, was the development in the 1960s of the by-pass engine9. The great merits of the by-pass engine to airline managers was that itadded additional thrust to the jet, lowered fuel consumption and was substantially quieter than straight jets like the JT.3C with their deafening whine. The first engine to incorporate the by-pass feature was the Rolls Royce Conway, which had a low by-pass ratio of about 5 per cent. It entered se rvice from 1960 on the Boeing 707, later on the Vickers-Armstrong VC-10. Interestingly, Pratt ; Whitney initially opposed the by-pass idea, but relented when their archival GE threatened to providethe new engines to Pratts customers and they added a front-fan to the JT.3C, creating the JT.3D turbofan10. The by-pass engine formed the basis of the commercial jet revolution in the airline industry. Their greater power meant that more passengers could be carried because bigger aircraft could be built around the new engines and existing ones stretched. The jet airliners which appeared in the 1960s the Boeing 727 tri-jet and the Boeing 737 and Douglas DC-9 twinjets would not have been possible without them. Soon the three main engine manufacturers were going much further and increasing the by-pass ratio from the modest ranges of the Conway and the JT.3D to over 50 per cent, using huge front fans on the new generation of civil engines which finally entered service in the 1970s: Pratt Whi tneys JT.9D, the GE CF6 and the Rolls Royce RB.211. Not all civil jet engine development, however, went in the direction of economy and quietness. In Britain the Bristol-Siddeley Company had built the Olympus engine a powerful straight jet with an afterburner for the Avro Vulcan V-bomber. In the 1960s it was chosen to power an airliner that was a veritable symbol of elitist travel: the supersonic Anglo-French Concorde. So, while the technology of the by-pass engine heralded air transports coming-of-age as a mass transport mode, the Concorde andits military-style Olympus engines followed an alternative path and revived the old notion that the richshould be able to travel faster than the poor. The Concordes Olympus engines not only used vast quantities of fuel but they were appallingly noisy. In operation with British Airways and Air France from the mid-1970s, the Concordes engines were such an environmental hazard that they nearly destroyed the airlines chances of operating commerc ially when the Americans refused to allow the plane to land in New York. Although it was undoubtedly an instance of bold technological initiative and collaboration, the Concorde seems to have proved to be a false path in aeronautical history11. Bycontrast, the by-pass engine was the catalyst for a mass transport revolution and the rapid expansion ofthe international tourist industry. Which gender is more likely to drive after drinkin Essay26What entrepreneurs like Langton and Williams had grasped apparently well in advance of the flag-carriers management was the economic and also the social significance of jet aircraft. They had understood that if you carry passengers fast, you dont need to carry them in great comfort. Luxury carriage, the traditional product of the old scheduled airlines, was only necessary when aircraft were driven by piston-engines and therefore inherently slow. Jets brought speed and lower prices, but they also bought more spartan service, more democratic and proletarian conditions on board. The jet engine, and particularly the by-pass technology which began its development in the 1960s, was the catalyst by which the air transport ________________________________________Page 99industry matured into the mass service undertaking it is today. It was the key artifact in the transformation of the airline business from a travel opportunity for the adventurous elite into a transport industry for the masses. 1In 1928 Imperial Airways did launch what appears to have been the first inclusive package tour by air,but at a price (435 per person) and with an itinerary which was clearly targeted at a wealthy and exclusive clientele. It was a winter holiday comprising a 35-day tour of France, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Italy, and included de luxe accommodation in the best hotels all along the route. Imperial Airways, About the First Winter Air Cruise, November 1927. 2See David HARVEY, The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford, Blackwell, 1989. 3In 1996 the World Travel ; Tourism Council put the value of goods and services attributable to tourism at US$3.6 trillion, or over 10 per cent of gross global product. The Economist, 10 January 1998, Travel and Tourism Survey, p. 3. 4Virginia P. DAWSON, The American Turbojet Industry and British Competition in William M. LEARY(ed.), From Airships to Airbus: the History of Civil and Co mmercial Aviation, Vol.1, Washington DC, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995, p. 127. Two cases will suffice to illustrate the point: the American Pratt ; Whitney J-57 and the British Rolls Royce Avon axial-flow engines were equally at home in jet airliners (Boeing 707, de Havilland Comet) as they were in jet bombers (Boeing B-52, Vickers Valiant). 5Trevor PINCHand Wiebe BIJKER, The Social Construction of facts and artifacts or how sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other in Social Studies of Science, 14, 1984, pp. 399-441. 6Support for this notion appears to come from a survey carried out in 1967 in which 71 per cent of respondents claimed that the attraction of Inclusive Tours lay not only in the holidays low price but the fact that they did not have to make any individual arrangements or deal with any foreign officials. British National Travel Survey, 1967, BTA January 1968. 7David E. NYE, Narratives and Space, Technology and the construction of American culture, University of Exeter Press, 1997, pp. 22-23. 8For the race to get the jet engine operational see Edward W. CONSTANTII, The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1980, esp. pp. 178-207. Also helpful is Ronald MILLERand David SAWERS, The Technical Development of Modern Aviation, London, 1968, pp. 157-161. 9By-pass engines add a stream of cold air, by-passing the compressor and turbine, and joining the gas jet at the rear. This addition of colder, slower-moving air increases the mass of the jet and thus its thrust. These engines have a ducted fan at the front which, unlike an open propeller, can spin at the slower speed of the turbine hence turbofan engine. See, for example, John SNOW, Airliner Propulsion in Philip JARRETT(ed.), Modern Air Transport.Worldwide AirTransport from 1945 to the Present, London, 2000, pp. 62-64. 10John NEWHOUSE, The Sporty Game, Knopf, New York, 1982, p. 112. 11The Economist, 19 August 2000, Time and Money: Why Concorde was never the right way to speed up air travel. In July 2000 an Air France Concorde crashed outside Paris, killing over a hundred people. The type was immediately withdrawn by Air France and subsequently by British Airways. 12The package tour was more or less invented by British independent airlines in conjunction with British tour operators, see Annual Report of the British Independent Air Transport Association (BIATA), 1967, p. 18. The president of BIATA in 1967, the organisations last year, was J.E.D.Williams, the head of Britannia Airways. 13 International Tourism Quarterly (ITQ), Issues in the News, 2. 1971, Economist Intelligence Unit, London, p. 2. 14Allan M.WILLIAMSand Gareth SHAW, Western European Tourism in Perspective in Allan M.WILLIAMSand Gareth SHAW(eds), Tourism and Economic Development, London ; New York, ________________________________________Page 10101988, p. 13. 15Rigas DOGANIS, Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines, 2 nd ed. London, 1991, p. 174. 16See Alan SNUDDEN, Success in a package in Journal of the Institute of Transport January/February 1990. 17F.F.HIGGINS, Tour Operating: Some Implications for Air Transport, 15thAnglo-American Aeronautical Conference, London, 31 May 2 June 1977, Royal Aeronautical Society. 18McDonnell Douglas Market Research Report, The European Charter Airlines, 2ndedition, Worldwide Horizons, Market Research Department, Douglas Aircraft Company, March 1977, MR-report, C1-800-4275, p. 1. 19Measured by passenger-kilometre, charter airlines were likely to be in front because the average charter flight is longer than the average scheduled flight; the latter usually being between north European capitals. 20See J.E.D.WILLIAMS, Holiday Traffic by Air in Institute of Transport Journal, May 1968, p. 372. 21 Douglas PEARCE, Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis, New York, 1987, pp. 86-93. 22Geoffrey CUTHBERT, Flying to the Sun. Quarter century of Britannia Airways, Europes lead ing leisure airline, 1988, pp. 11-45. 23 Civil Aviation Authority figures quoted in ITQ, No.3, 1985, Issues in the News; 18. The other major carriers were Dan Air, Monarch and BAs charter company British Air Tours. 24Reported in ITQ, Issues in the News, 2, 1971, p. 5. 25Fares from London to Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Milan, Munich, Nice, Stockholm and Zurich were cut by half, while the peak-season fare to Rome was reduced from 92.30 to 41.15. ITQ, Issues in the News, 1, 1971, p. 4. 26 This reassessment process also took place in government, see the musings of a senior British civil servant in R. BURNS, What are Airlines for ? in Institute of Transport Journal, May 1969, pp. 127-139.